Title: Civil War- present
1United States History Review
2The Civil War 1861-1865
- Northern Advantages
- Established military and government
- Industry and railroads (85 of factories, 70 of
rails) - 800,00 immigrants during the war, many of whom
enlisted - Northern Disadvantages
- Had to WIN the war
- Moving troops long distances to the battlefield
- Southern Advantages
- Motivated military with exceptional leadership
- Fighting a defensive war, a TIE and they win
- Southern Disadvantages
- Ironically, they lacked a strong central
government to lead organize the war - Limited industry and rails
- Inability to win foreign support
3The War
- The North planned to blockade the Southern ports
(Anaconda plan) - In addition, they planned to cut the South in 2
by taking the Mississippi River - Originally the North thought the war might last a
few months - This was quickly dispelled at the Battle of Bull
Run - The Northern forces were routed and retreated to
Washington, DC - Antietam Creek saw the single bloodiest day of
battle as 22,000 were killed or wounded - With the North struggling in 1862, Lincoln
announced the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing
the slaves in rebelling states - This changed the war from saving the union to
freeing the slaves
4The War
- 1863 was a turning point as the Southern economy
had soured - Vicksburg and Gettysburg were decisive battles
won by the North - General Shermans march through the South
solidified Northern victory and was the beginning
of the end - Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse in April
of 1865 - 5 days later Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes
Booth - Lincoln had planned a reconciliation with the
South, with malice toward none, and charity for
all - This was not necessarily a policy adopted by
Congressional Republicans following Lincolns
death
5Domestic Policy during the War
- With the South gone Northern legislators were
able to pass high tariffs to help industry - Additionally Northern legislators passed
- The Homestead Act (1861) granted land in 160 acre
increments to families that would farm for 5
years - Morill land Grant Act encouraged states to
develop colleges with money from the sale of
federal lands - Pacific Railway Act authorized a transcontinental
railroad
6Reconstruction
- Lincolns Plan would readmit Southerners than
took a loyalty oath and accepted emancipation - States would be readmitted when 10 of the
population had taken the oath - Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill that required
50, but Lincoln gave it a pocket veto - They also established the Freedmens Bureau in
March, 1865 - With Lincolns death the Reconstruction fell to
Andrew Johnson from Tennessee
7Reconstruction
- Under Johnsons plan all 11 states were back in
the Union - Johnson was very lenient to former Confederate
leaders, pardoning many and giving them
citizenship - The former Confederate Vice-President actually
was elected to the Senate from Georgia - Southern Black Codes further strained the
Republicans in Congress by - Prohibiting blacks from renting or borrowing
money to buy land - Forcing blacks to sign work contracts
- Blacks could not testify against whites in court
8Reconstruction
- Johnson stoked the radical republican fires by
vetoing legislation designed to expand the
Freedmans Bureau and a civil rights bill - Republicans won an overwhelming majority in
Congress in the midterm election in 1866 - This allowed the Radical Republicans to now
dominate Reconstruction - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first act
passed, followed by the 14th Amendment, and the
Reconstruction Acts of 1867 - Most of these were over the vetoes of Johnson
9Johnsons Impeachment
- Johnson was impeached by the House of
Representatives in 1867 - He was charged with high crimes and
misdemeanors - The charges were largely of a political nature as
he was hated by Congressional Republicans - Johnsons political enemies fell one vote short
in an 1868 trial of removing him from office - Some moderate Republicans thought it a bad idea
to remove Johnson for political reasons
10The End of Reconstruction
- War hero Ulysses Grant was elected in 1868
- Grant won with the help of 500,000 votes from
freed slaves - In response to this the Republican Congress
passed the 15th Amendment in 1869 - The Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed equal
accommodations, but was poorly enforced - Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877.
- This gave Hayes the Presidency as long as he
pulled troops from the South
11The Last of the West and the New South
12The Settlement of the West
- The west was now a crisscross of railway,
homestead fences and was growing new towns - The discovery of gold in 1849 led to the first
real flood of settlers to the West - These western mines were usually staffed by at
least 1/3 foreign born employees, experienced
miners from Europe and Asia - This was the reason for the 1st of the
anti-foreigner laws- a Miners Tax of 20/ month
on all foreign employees - Pressure from the Westerners also led to the
passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 - These mines vastly increased the amount of gold
and silver available which was to lead to the
gold/silver debates in the coming decades.
13Native American Policies
- About 2/3rds of the Western Indians lived in the
Great Plains - The encroachment of American cattlemen and
Homesteaders increasingly drove the Natives into
smaller and smaller lands - Jacksons reservation policy of the 1830s
disintegrated with the opening of Oklahoma to
settlers in 1889 - A new policy of assimilation was floated in the
late 1800s. This policy was designed to bring
Natives into American culture - It was codified into law in the Dawes Act of 1887
14The New South following the Civil War
- The New South movement was created by Henry Grady
of the Atlanta Constitution. - It argued for economic diversity and capitalism
without government intervention - Cheap labor was the draw for many businesses to
relocate - Despite cities like Birmingham (steel), Memphis
(lumber) and Richmond (tobacco) much of the South
remained poor and agricultural due to the late
start at industry and a poorly trained workforce
- Segregation continued to handcuff Southern
progress - In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson the
Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal
facilities were legally permissible - Jim Crow Laws followed this decision and set up a
segregated that would legally last until 1954 - The New South also restricted the civil rights of
the newly freed former slaves - Literacy tests, poll taxes and grandfather
clauses were used to restrict voting rights
15Farm Problems of the late 1800s
- Mechanization was a blessing and a curse for most
farmers - It allowed them to cultivate significantly more
land and produce a greater crop - Unfortunately this also led to an overproduction
of crops that drove prices down - Farmers had borrowed heavily to obtain the
equipment and land to farm and now prices were
too low to pay back mortgages and loans - Additionally the railroad pools were gouging the
small farmer on prices to ship goods to Eastern
markets
16Farmers Organize Protest
- Granger and Alliance Movements were developed
originally to aid and educate individual farmers - They developed into more coherent political
bodies through time and came to form the Populist
Party - They were successful in getting the Interstate
Commerce Act passed in 1886 an attempt to
control the railroads - This created the first government regulatory
agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission
17The Rise of Laissez-Faire
- Laissez Faire capitalism advocated for a hands
off approach to regulating business - Social Darwinism was thought to rule the world of
business, those most able would rise to the top - Another attempt to justify consolidation was the
Gospel of Wealth. This said that wealth was the
clearest sign of Gods favor for your hard work
18Impact of Industrialization
- Concentration of Wealth
- A few industrialists became fabulously wealthy
- The Horatio Alger Myth portrayed hard working
young individuals that made it rich through
diligence. This was just a myth. - The expanding middle class
- Corporations created the need for salaried,
white-collar workers as well, these individuals
increased the demand for basic services - Working women
- 1 in 5 adult women were in the workforce in 1900
19My country, is of thee, Once land of liberty, of
thee I sing. Land of the Millionaire, Farmers
with pockets bare caused by that cursed snare,--
The Money Ring
- The Gilded Age of Politics
- 1877-1900
20The Gilded Age
- The Gilded Age was a phrase coined by Mark Twain
to characterize the years following the Civil
War. - Twain used this term referred to the superficial
glitter of the age that covered the corruption
not to far below the surface - The era was largely devoid of any meaningful
legislation and little differentiation between
the parties - The goal of politics was to gain office not to
affect change, but to pass out spoils.
21Causes of the Gilded Age Stalemate
- The belief in limited government
- Laissez faire and Social Darwinism contributed to
the idea that government should do as little as
possible. - Campaign Strategy
- Due to the limited differences in party ideology,
it was considered very risky to stray to far away
from the center. Therefore no strong positions
were taken on any issues. - Party Patronage
- The distribution of jobs and favors became a way
to elicit power and influence, more so than
through the voters
22The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
- President Garfields assassination by a
disgruntled office seeker in 1881 led to a
significant reevaluation of the federal
government - Public outrage over the Spoils System led to the
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act which set up
competitive examinations for government jobs. - One downside of the act was that it forced
politicians to rely more on the rich to fund
campaigns
23Harrison and the Billion-Dollar Congress
- The Election of 1888
- Cleveland introduces the first real issue between
Democrats and Republicans in years-tariffs - Republicans carried the day by rallying Northern
business and labor with the idea that a low
tariff would ruin industrial interests. - The Billion-Dollar Congress
- passed the 1st billion dollar budget
- McKinley Tariff, Sherman Anti-Trust and Sherman
Silver Purchase - Also increases in pensions to Civil War vets
24The Rise of the Populists
- The Omaha Platform
- This was the platform of the Populist Party
- It included
- Direct election of senators
- Initiative and referendum
- Unlimited coinage of silver
- Graduated income tax
- Public ownership of rails
- 8 hour workdays
- James Weaver became one of the few 3rd Party
candidates to ever win electoral votes - Cleveland returned to office, in large part due
to discontent with the McKinley tariff
25We are Anglo-Saxons, and must obey our blood and
occupy new markets, and, if necessary, new lands
- American Foreign Policy
- 1865-1914
26International Darwinism
- This was also known as imperialism, the idea that
stronger nations should gain economic or
political control over others for the stronger
nations good - Many also advocated for imperialism because they
felt it would improve the dominated nation as
well - Missionaries, some politicians, advocates of
naval power and the press were all strong
supporters of imperialism - Additionally, many felt it was simply an
extension of the idea of Manifest Destiny
27Latin America
- The Monroe Doctrine in 1820 clearly spelled out
American views on Latin America - One of the principal applications of the doctrine
came in 1895 and 1896. A dispute between
Venezuela and Britain was forced to the
negotiating table by Grover Clevelands
insistence that the U.S. would use force to keep
Britains military at bay. - Many other examples of American intervention
ensued in Latin America
28American Intervention in Latin America
- The Spanish-American War
- Started at the behest of the American press
(yellow journalism) and as a result of jingoism
the United States removed the last vestiges of
the former Spanish Empire in the Western
Hemisphere - McKinley finally relented to public pressure and
the press by sending a war message to Congress
asking for a declaration. It contained 4 key
provisions - Put an end to Spanish barbities, bloodshed,
starvation, and horrible miseries in Cuba - Protect U.S. citizens in Cuba
- End the serious injury to commerce
- End the constant menace to our peace
29The Election of 1900
- The Republicans nominated McKinley, with
Roosevelt as VP - The Democrats again nominate William Jennings
Bryan - Bryan argued against the growing imperialism of
the U.S. - The growing U.S. economy convinced voters that
McKinley deserved another round as President
30The Open Door Policy in China
- Several nations had opened spheres of influence
in the rapidly deteriorating China - Secretary of State John Hay dispatched a note to
the nations saying bluntly that all nations
should be welcomed to trade in China - In a shrewd move, since no one openly rejected
his idea, he declared that they had all accepted
31The Boxer Rebellion
- Xenophobia was on the rise in China with the Open
Door. - The Boxers attempted to throw out the foreigners
with a campaign of terror - The U.S. and others sent the military to protect
property and lives - The U.S. feared the an end to Chinese
independence and Hay sent another round of notes - These were designed to ensure free trade in China
and to protect territorial integrity
32The Big Stick and Roosevelt
- Following McKinleys assassination in 1900,
Roosevelt takes office - Roosevelts policy was to speak softly and carry
a big stick, the big stick of course was the
U.S. Navy. - The Roosevelt Corollary was added to the Monroe
Doctrine in 1904 - This stated that the U.S. would intervene to
protect the interests of any Latin American
nation.
33I am , therefore a Progressive because we have
not kept up with our own changes of condition,
either in the economic field or in the political
field
- The Progressive Era
- 1901-1918
34Origins of Progressivism
- The origins of Progressivism can be found in the
changing nature of American society - The country had changed from a relatively
homogenous, farming society to a mixed ethnicity,
industrial society - In addition, the country had historically been
distrustful of Big Business and there was an
increasing gap between the rich and the poor - The final idea was the rise of corruption and
graft in political machines
35Who were the Progressives?
- Unlike the Populists of the previous century that
were rural, the Progressives were largely middle
class, urban dwellers - These white-collar professionals were concerned
about the impact of poverty and a lack of
education on democratic principles - The Progressive movement was not limited to a
particular party. Republicans Roosevelt, Taft
and LaFollette and Democrats Wilson and Bryan
carried the Progressive torch
36Progressive Philosophy
- A new philosophy emerged in the 20th Century that
was contradictory to that of previous years - This new idea was that truthand good were
abstracts that could not be defined - This led to the idea that society should be more
pragmatic about its search for the right formula - The scientific method was employed by
Progressives as a way to govern society - The notions of laissez-faire and rugged
individualism seemed outdated and impractical to
the Progressives
37The Muckrakers
- These forerunners to investigative journalists
used the print media to spread news about the
evils and ills of big business and corrupt
government - By 1910 the power of the muckrakers was in
decline - Banks that financed the magazines were telling
them to tone down the criticism and also the
sensationalism was getting tough to top - Muckrakers included
- Ida Tarbell The history of Standard Oil
Company (1902) - Lincoln Steffans Shame of the Cities (1904)
- Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890)
- Frank Norris The Octopus and The Pit- Novels
38Political Reforms in the Cities and States
- Changes in Voter Participation
- Secret Ballot- by 1910 all states were holding
secret ballots - Direct Primaries- candidates are chosen by party
members voting instead of by party bosses - Direct election of U.S. Senators- the 17th
Amendment required direct election of Senators - Initiative, Referendum, Recall-
- Initiative- voters can force a bill to be
considered - Referendum- Voters directly decide on a proposed
law - Recall- Voters can remove corrupt or
unsatisfactory politicians
39Coal Miners in 1900
40The Square Deal
- Following McKinleys assassination in 1901,
Roosevelt takes over as President - The Square Deal was meant to favor neither
business nor labor - He demonstrated this in the 1902 coal mine
dispute - He called labor an management to the White House
- When owners refused to bend, Roosevelt threatened
to operate the mines with troops - The owners agreed to give wage hikes and lessen
the work day - The Square Deal also included other provisions
41The Square Deal
- Trust Busting
- Roosevelt began to enforce the long dormant
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, first against Northern
Securities - He directed the attorney general to break up more
than 40 trusts - Railroad Regulation
- Under the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act,
Roosevelt significantly improved the power of the
ICC - Consumer Protection
- The Muckrakers had stirred the interest of the
public and government responded with the Pure
Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act - Conservation
- Roosevelt set aside 150 million acres for a
reserve - Passage of the Newlands Act in 1902 provided sale
of public lands to promote irrigation in the West
42The Presidency of Taft
- Taft was actually a more aggressive trust buster
than his predecessor Roosevelt - Roosevelt was upset by Tafts decision to reject
a US Steel merger that he had approved - By the 1910 midterm elections, Taft decided to
fight back against the Progressives, and support
conservative candidates - This was a egregious error as the Progressive
movement was at flood tide - The above reasons led to a split in the
Republican Party. - Roosevelt left the Party to form the Bull-Moose
Party to challenge Taft in 1912
43Signs of the Times
44The Election of 1912
45It breaks his heart that kings must murder
still
46The events that led to War
- June 28, Sarajevo
- A Serbian terrorist assassinates Archduke
Francis-Ferdinand - July 23, Vienna
- The Austrian government threatens war against
Serbia and invades on the 27th - August 1, Berlin
- Austrian ally Germany declares war on Serbian
ally Russia - August 3, Berlin
- Germany declares war on France, Russias ally,
and invades neutral Belgium, the fastest route to
France - August 4, London
- Great Britain, ally of France, declares war on
Germany
47Public Opinion
- Public opinion was against Britain from the
get-go - Not only did policy favor the allies, but the
newspapers reported the German invasion of
Belgium, then the sinking of the Lusitania in
1915 cemented the view that Germany was a bully - As much as 30 of US population were 1st or 2nd
generation immigrants, tied closely to their home
country - Britain also controlled the news that came from
Europe to the US
48The War Debate
- Most Americans favored neutrality, especially
those who were the recent immigrants - After the Lusitania, a small but vocal group
started to call for intervention - The Army and Navy were woefully unprepared for
major combat - Congress passed the National Defense Act in June
1916 after vigorous campaigning from President
Wilson - Peace-minded Populists, Progressives and
Socialists vehemently opposed the war and build up
49The Election of 1916
- He kept us out of war
- This was the slogan for Wilsons re-election
campaign - This was ironic as Wilson asked for a declaration
of war in April of 1917, just a month after being
sworn in - The decision for war had a few immediate causes
- The Zimmerman Telegram
- This was a note sent from Germany to Mexico
offering the return of lost territories if Mexico
would ally itself with Germany - The Russian Revolution
- This allowed Wilson to continue with his moral
diplomacy because autocratic Russia had been
overthrown - Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- Germany disavowed the Sussex Pledge and returned
to sinking ships in the Atlantic in January 1917
50The Fourteen Points
- Wilsons plan to end the war and goals following
the war were outlined to Congress in January 1918 - These points included
- Freedom of the seas
- An end to secret treaties
- Reduction in national armaments
- Self-determination for the countries in the
Austro-Hungarian Empire - A general association of nations
- This last point becomes the basis for the League
of Nations
51The Treaty of Versailles
- Wilson traveled to Europe for the negotiations to
end the war, the first time an American President
had gone to Europe for diplomacy - Wilson angered Senate Republicans by bringing
only one Republican with him, whose advice was
never sought - The Wilsonian view of peace without victory was
not shared by his Allied counterparts - The Big Four of Wilson, Clemenceau, George, and
Orlando met almost daily with the outcome being
that most of Wilsons points were compromised - Wilson did insist upon and win the League of
Nations
52The Treaty of Versailles
- Peace terms in the treaty included the following
- Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies
in Africa - France was to occupy the German Rhineland for 15
years - Germany was to pay huge reparations
- Independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Finland and Poland - Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created
- All signers of the Treaty were to join the League
of Nations and be willing to protect the
territorial integrity of member nations
53The Battle for Ratification
- The Senate leaders were still miffed at the
rebuff of Republcans gong to Versailles - The irreconcilables wanted no part of the
Treaty - They felt it was giving up American independence
to the League - Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was the leader of the
reservationists, those who could accept the
treaty with modifications - Wilson chose to fight for the Treaty as it stood
and set out on a nationwide campaign for it - The Senate defeated the Treaty twice and never
officially ended the war with Germany until 1921,
after Wilson left office - The US never joined the League of Nations, part
of the reason for its eventual failure
54Postwar Problems
- Following the war, many soldiers returned home
and displaced African Americans and women from
the workplace - Additionally, military orders to factories
declined significantly leading to a decrease in
the workforce - The Red Scare following the Russian Revolution
also created problems for American Civil
Liberties - The Palmer raids were mass arrests of radicals,
Socialists, and labor agitators - 6000 people were arrested and 500 deported
- Palmers credibility was questioned when he
predicted huge rallies that never took place and
the Scare ended as quickly as it started
55Significant Legislation of the Period
- 1916- National Defense Act
- Passed to build the military readiness of
American forces in the build up to WWI - 1917- Selective Service Act
- Passed to create a democratic method of drafting
men into the military - 1917- Espionage Act
- Provided for a 20 year sentence for inciting
rebellion or interfering with the draft - 1918- Sedition Act
- Prohibited disloyal or abusive remarks about
the US government - 1919- Schenk v. United States
- Upheld the Espionage Act. A man distributing
pamphlets against the draft was convicted, in
1919 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes established
the clear and present danger doctrine for
limiting speech