Chapter 4 The Cell In Action

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Chapter 4The Cell In Action
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What would happen if

• If a factorys power supply was cut off or if its
  supply of raw materials never arrived?
• If the factory could never get rid of its
  garbage?

• If a cell couldnt exchange
• nutrients, vital materials, and
• waste with its environment

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HOW DO MATERIALS MOVE IN AND OUT OF CELLS?
Phosphoflourescent Injection of bacteria into
macrophage sample
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Diffusion

• Gelatin/Dye Experiment
• At first it is easy to see where the gelatin ends
  and the dye begins.
• What happens over time?
• Why does this happen?

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Diffusion

• The particles of dye and gelatin slowly begin to
  mix because of diffusion.
• Diffusion the movement of ______________________
  
• _____________________________. (Until __________
  is reached or a __________ resists the process).
• Note all substances are made of particles of
  varying size
• In other words they travel from ______________ to
  ________________ until the crowds are
  ____________
• ______________________________________________.

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Diffusion

• Consider 2 rooms filled with people

Cell Membrane
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Diffusionto Equilibrium
Cell Membrane
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• http//www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/d
  iffusion/Diffusion.html
• http//www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/d
  iffusion/Diffusion.html
• http//www.biologycorner.com/bio1/diffusion.html
• http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
  BioBooktransp.htmlCells20and20Diffusion
• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio0
  3.swf
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

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Equilibrium

• When the concentration of a substance on the
  outside of the semi-permeable membrane
  ________________________
• ________________ on the inside of the
  semi-permeable membrane.

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• FACT All organisms need water to live
• FACT The cells of living organisms are
  surrounded by and filled with fluids that are
  made mostly of water.

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OSMOSIS

• Osmosis the diffusion of ________ through the
  cell membrane from ______________________
• ________________________________________
• FACT water is made up of particles. Pure water
  has the highest concentration of water particles.
• How would you lower the concentration of pure
  water?

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OSMOSIS JONES
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The Cell and Osmosis

• Water particles will move from areas of high
  concentration to areas of lower concentration.
• The direction of flow depends only on the level
  of concentration.

H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Diffusion
NaCl
Osmosis
H2O
h
H2O
H2O
NaCl
H2O
NaCl
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Osmosis links

• http//zoology.okstate.edu/zoo_lrc/biol1114/tutori
  als/Flash/Osmosis_Animation.htm
• http//www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/
  transport/osmosis.swf
• http//www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cell
  s/Osmosis.htm
• http//www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_
  structure/ce/m3/s3/cem3s3_3.htm
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/01ce
  llbiology/05pathways/10osmosis/index.shtml

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Red Blood Cells

• Link to Red blood cell lysing

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Plant Cells
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Crossing Membranes Demo

• Try dried grapes in pure water will swell up
• - in water mixed with a lot of sugar or salt it
  will shrink
• Do the iodine-water-starch demo in front of class

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• Many particles, such as water and oxygen can
  diffuse though the semi-permeable phospholipid
  cell membrane because of their small size.
• But what happens to molecules that are too large
  such as sugars or amino acids?

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Passive and Active Transport

• In order to understand these types of transport
  you have to know that these types of transport
  ___________________
• ___________________________________ allowing
  particles to travel in and out.

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1. The activities of a cell depend on the
materials that enter and leave the cell. 2. To
stay alive, a CELL MUST EXCHANGE Materials such
as Food and Waste With Its ENVIRONMENT. 3. 
These materials must cross the Cell Membrane.
4. Small molecules like WATER, OXYGEN, AND CARBON
DIOXIDE can move in and out freely. 5. Large
molecules like PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES CANNOT.
6. The Cell Membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE. 7. A
SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE OR SELECTIVELY PERMMEABLE
ONLY ALLOWS Certain molecules tp pass through

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• Passive Transport the diffusion of particle
  through the proteins.
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• (just like diffusion but can only occur at the
  protein doorways)

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Passive Transport

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Active Transport

• Active Transport the movement of particles
  through the protein doorways
• __________________________________________________
  _____________________
• ___________________________________
• ____________________________________

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• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• - is especially IMPORTANT in MAINTAINING ION
  CONCENTRATION IN CELLS AND BETWEEN CELLS

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• http//www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/01ce
  llbiology/05pathways/07passivefacilitated/index.sh
  tml

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Other Means of Transport

• Endocytosis the cell membrane _________________
• _________________ it in a vesicle formed from the
  pinched off circular piece of cell membrane.
• Exocytosis ____________are formed at the
  endoplasmic reticulum or at the golgi complex and
  carried to the ___________
• __________ where the vesicle __
• __________________ the contents of the vesicle

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MINI QUIZ

1. What part of the cell do materials pass through
   to get into and out of the cell?
2. What is osmosis?
3. How do large molecules move through the cell (and
   at what structure)?

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Why do you get hungry?

• Its your bodys way of telling you that your
  cells need energy.
• (Just like feeling the need to breathe its cells
  craving oxygen)

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It All Starts With the Sun

• (and it all stops without the sun)
• Nearly all the energy that fuels life
  ___________________
• Its light is changed into food by plants through
  the process of photosynthesis.
• The food that plants make not only supplies them
  with energy but also for organisms that that eat
  the plants.

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Photosynthesis

• Occurs inside of chlorophyll which is inside of
  chloroplasts
• _____________ _________________
• _____________ _________________
• ______________ _________________

Light Energy
Light Energy
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Glucose
The By-Products Of Photosynthesis

• __________________________________
• ___________________________________
• Carbohydrates are a storable form of energy

Oxygen

• Necessary for all life

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How is energy derived from Food?

• Food molecules (ie. Sugars) must be
• __________________________________
• This is accomplished via 2 different processes
• _______________________
• _______________________

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Cellular Respiration

• aerobic respiration
• Uses _______________
• Glucose Oxygen _________________________
  _______
• (The waste products of cellular
  respiration)

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• Most of the energy released is in the form of
  heat. The rest is ATP.
• In eukaryotes the cellular respiration takes
  place in ______________________

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Fermentation

• anaerobic glycolysis
• - does not use oxygen
• - leads to the production of small amounts of
  ATP
• - produces by-product lactic acid

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Mini Quiz

• True or False
• Plants and animals capture their energy from the
  sun.
• Cellular respiration describes how a cell
  breathes.
• Fermentation produces ATP and lactic acid.

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The Cell Cycle

In the human body, 10,000,000 new cells are
produced every minute.
The cell cycle begins when the _____________ (or
after the last division and ends
_________________ at which point it begins
again. Note The cell cycle does not end when
the cell dies.
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Before a cell divides it must

• __________________
• __________________
• Done in the process of copying the chromosomes.
• How many chromosomes are there in a human? Fruit
  Fly? A potato?

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• Human - 46 chromosomes
• (23 pairs)
• Fruit Fly - 8 chromosomes
• (4 pairs)
• Potato - 48 chromosomes
• (24 pairs)
• The number of chromosomes has nothing to do with
  the complexity of an organism

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Question???

• What does DNA code for?

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Prokaryotic Cell Division

• Cell division is called ________________.
• Simple because a bacteria only has a single
  circular DNA and some ribosomes

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Eukaryotic Cell Division

• More complex because there is so much DNA and
  because the DNA incorporates proteins into its
  structure.

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3 stages of eukaryotic cell division

• Stage 1 The cell grows and copies its
  organelles and chromosomes
• Stage 2 Chromatid Separation Mitosis
• 3) Stage 3 Cell division into two cells
  identical to the original cell

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_________ eukaryotic cell division

• The process of _____________________
• Ensures that each cell receives a copy of each
  chromosome.
• 4 phases

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Mitosis

• D____________
• L____________
• S____________
• Do demo with hands.

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Definitions

• Homologous Chromosomes (Pairs) similar
  chromosomes which pair up during cell division.
  (ie. Humans have 46 chromosomes which are 23
  pairs)
• Chromatid After each chromosome is duplicated
  the two copies are called chromatids
• Centromere the point at which the 2 chromatids
  are held together

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Prior to Mitosis

• The ______________________ are copied
• At this stage each chromosome now consists of 2
  chromatids.
• Centrioles are copied

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Mitosis Stage 1 (Prophase)

• The nuclear membrane breaks down
• Chromosomes condense into compact structures
• Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
• Fibers form between the two centrioloe and
  connect to the centromeres of the chromsomes

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Mitosis Stage 2 (Metaphase)

• The chromosomes are lined up along the equator
  (center of the cell)

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Mitosis Stage 3 (Anaphase)

• The chromatids separate and are pulled to
  opposite sides of the cell by the fibers attached
  to the centrioles.

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Mitosis Stage 4 (Telophase)

• Anuclear membrane forms around the now 2 sets of
  chromosomes.
• The chromosomes unwind
• The fibers disappear

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After mitosis

• The ____________________ (cytokinesis)
• There are now 2 cells where there was once one.
  They are identical to each other.

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Cytokinesis

• In animals the membrane simply pinches off
• In plants a cell plate forms in the middle of
  the dividing cell ad becomes the new membrane
  that will separate the 2 cells.

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2 Chromosomes Parent Cell
Doubles to 4 chromosomes DUPLICATE
LINEATE
SEPARATE cytokinesis
Daughter Cells
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http//www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
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Mini Quiz

1. What is Cell Division?
2. How do prokaryotic cells make more cells (what is
   the process called)?
3. How do eukaryotic cells make more cells (what is
   the process called)?

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Cell Division (Mitosis)

• Cell division allows an organism to
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
• Prior to division the cells copies its DNA
• Cell Division is cellular reproduction
• The daughter cell has the ____________ of
  chromosomes as the parent cell.

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• Interphase
• This is how all cells look before mitosis. Please
  be aware that Interphase is a phase of the cell
  cycle, but NOT a stage of mitosis.

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• Mitosis - Early Prophase To begin mitosis, the
  nuclear membrane breaks down, while the
  chromosomes shorten and thicken (here, a
  chromosome is two chromatids, bound at a point
  called the centromere, making an "X" shape). The
  other structures important for mitosis are also
  forming (i.e. the centrioles).

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• Mitosis - Metaphase The mitotic spindle apparatus
  has now formed and lies on the poles of the
  nucleus (but remember, the nuclear membrane has
  broken down, so there is no distinctly delineated
  nucleus). The chromosomes are lined up along the
  cell's equator, also known as the equatorial
  plate, and are attached to the mitotic spindle
  apparatus via microtubules (to try and visualize
  the microtubules extending from the poles to the
  chromosomes on the equator, think of the Earth -
  it's as if rope was extending from the chilly
  north and south poles to the chromosomes basking
  in the sun at the equator). Here's the confusing
  part - When the individual chromatids (½ of the
  "X") are separated from the chromosome (the "X"),
  they are now each referred to as a chromosome
  (i.e. In metaphase, the chromosome, composed of
  two chromatids, separates into the individual
  chromatids, which are then renamed chromosomes,
  even though they were only one half of a
  chromosome only moments before!) - Whew!

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• Mitosis - Anaphase The newly formed chromosomes
  (which were recently chromatids while they were
  still ½ of the "X") are pulled along the
  microtubules toward opposite poles of the cell
  (like Monarch butterflies migrating back to
  Canada and the southern tip of South America
  (toward the poles) from Mexico (near the
  equator).

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• Mitosis - Telophase
• The chromosome have finished their migration to
  the poles and the mitotic structures breakdown.
  The plasma membrane of the cell pinches down
  along the equator creating two separate cells
  (similar to twisting a long balloon and forcing
  it to pinch in the middle). At this time, the
  chromosomes become indistinct (as they are during
  Interphase), the nuclear membrane forms again and
  the nucleolus reappears.

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Classification
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• Midterm Review

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Lab Safety

• The number one rule is to Follow directions

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Measuring

• In Science we use the metric system
• Length measured in meters
• Mass the amount of matter in a substance
• - measured in grams
• - measured with a triple beam balance
• Volume- the amount of space something occupies
• - measured in cm3 (solids)
• - measured in liters (liquids)
• - measured with a graduated cylinder
• Temperature - measured in Celsius

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Scientific Method

• Scientific Method The orderly and universally
  accepted steps that a scientist uses to answer
  and solve problems.
• Ask a question
• Form a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Analyze the results
• Draw Conclusions
• Communicate the results

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Scientific Method

• 1) Ask A Question Good questions come from good
  observations. Observations are only useful if
  they are accurately made and recorded.
• Tools to assist in observation
• Eyes, ears, noses, microscopes. Telescopes,
  graduated cylinders, clocks, rulers, etc.

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Scientific Method

• 2) Form a Hypothesis educated guess
• You must think logically and creatively
• Can you have different hypotheses for the same
  problem?

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Scientific Method

• Test the Hypothesis
• a) Controlled Experiment one variable
• variable- the single factor that is different or
  changed in an experiment
• If Then statements
• Collect the Data
• Law of large numbers (number of tested groups or
  the number of times an experiment is repeated)
• Control the group that does not receive the
  variable

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Scientific Method

• 4) Analyze the Results
• organize the data (tables, graphs)

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Scientific Method

• 5) Draw Conclusions Do the results of the
  experiment support the hypothesis.
• If Not? What have you accomplished? You have
  proven and learned that the hypothesis is wrong.
• Options
• Repeat
• Find another explanation for what you have
  observed

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Scientific Method

• 6) Communicate the results How?

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You want to see if mice grow larger when they eat
swiss cheese.

• Design an experiment to test this theory.
• State the hypothesis
• List the materials needed
• What steps would you take.

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Characteristics of Life

• Living things sense and respond to change
• Living things reproduce
• Living things have DNA
• Living things use energy
• Living things grow and develop

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Necessities of Life

• Food
• Air
• Water
• A place to live

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Organization of Life

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organisms

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Microscope

• Made of 2 lenses which multiply magnification
• Ocular lens or eyepiece
• Objective lens
• Magnification ocular mag. x objective mag.

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Cell Theory

1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. All living organisms are made of 1 or more cells
3. All cells come from existing cells

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Review Review

1. C Measures mass
2. A Measures liquid volume
3. D Measures centimeters
4. B Measures Celsius
5. A Measures milliliters
6. C Measures grams
7. D Measures length
8. B Measures temperature
9. D Measures meters
10. C Measures the amount of matter in a substance

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1. 3 ml What is the volume in the cylinder?
2. 2.6 cm What is the length of the wooden
   block?
3. 4 Which group of measurements contains only
   metric units?
4. 4 Which lab equipment is correctly paired
   with a unit of measure?
5. C The amount of matter in a substance?
6. A The basic unit in the metric system used to
   measure mass?
7. E An instrument used to measure the volume of
   a liquid is a(n)?
8. C A substance in outer space will have no?
9. E The prefix centi means?
10. A The amount of space a substance takes up is
    called its?

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• 21)9.2 cm The earthworm is how many
  centimeters long?
• 0.5 cm
• 5 cm
• 5.5 cm
• 6.5 cm
• What are the masses?
• 22) 175.7 g
• 23) 622.9 g
• 24) 286.2 g

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• What volume is indicated on each graduated
  cylinder?
• 25) 47 ml
• 26) 32 ml
• 27) 13 ml
• What temperature is indicated on each
  thermometer?
• 28) 68C
• 29) -11C
• 30) 11C

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• 31) Scientists use a system of measurement called
  the metric system.
• Length 2 cm
• width 2.5 cm
• height 2 cm
• Volume 10 cm3
• 33) 25 ml What was the volume of the water
  before adding the rock?
• 34) 30 ml What is the volume of the water and
  the rock together?
• 35) How can you find out the volume of just the
  rock? Subtract (volume of water) from
  (volume of water the rock).
• 36) 5 ml converts to 5 cm3 What is the volume of
  the rock?

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• Page 7-8
• D A variable in the investigation
• B Which group was the control group
• C What hypothesis could be possible for this
  experiment
• B ( bad question)
• A What set of conditions must be kept the same
  through the whole experiment
• E We would like to find out which grow better
• E I think bean plants grow better with
  fertilizer than without
• D What sequence of steps is best
• E The experimental group with normal conditions
  used for comparison
• B The single or one factor that is changed
• B A way to test a hypothesis is to
• C The first step in the scientific method
• A ???
• D
• b

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• 16) 2 Which was the control group?
• 17) Sterilized What do we call anything boiled
  for 10 min. to kill bacteria
• 18) D is the control and a,b, c are the variable
  groups
• 19) Iodine
• 20) Amount of iodine
• 21) D because it had no iodine
• 22) D the most and C the least
• 23) The greater the amount of iodine the lesser
  the populations of bacteria.

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• Page 11-12 (matching)
• Diffusion d
• Compound microscope j
• Chromosomes f
• Classification i
• Kingdoms b
• Magnification g
• Osmosis h
• Mitosis a
• Photosynthesis e
• Organic compounds c

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• 11) Hypothesis i
• 12) Variable d
• 13) Experiment g
• 14) Control h
• 15) Osmosis b
• 16) Problem j
• 17) Diffusion e
• 18) Conclusion c
• 19) Molecules a
• 20) Information f

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• 21) 1) respond to stimulus
• 2) grow and develop
• 3) have DNA
• 4) reproduce
• 5) Use energy
• 6) have cells
• 1) food
• 2) air
• 3) water
• 4) a place to live
• 23) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• 24) Consumption of food and cellular respiration
• 25) Cellular respiration
• 26) To build organelles and grow

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• 27) slide, slip, specimen, water
• 28) Flip it and turn it upside down
• 29) Moves the opposite way
• 30) 1) position the specimen exactly in the
  center of the field
• 2) focus in med. Power
• 3) refocus with fine focus
• 4) turn the objective lenses
• 31) 1) follow directions
• 2) goggles
• 3) clean up spills
• 4) never taste anything
• 5) dont wear dangling clothes or open toed
  shoes

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Scientific Method Questions

• Do irradiated radishes grow better
• Irradiated radishes will grow larger than normal
  ones
• Soil, light, water, control, experimental groups
• Radiation
• 5a) normal radishes
• 5b) soil, light, water
• 6a) 1) hypothesis
• 2) experiment
• a) control group
• b) experimental group
• c) collect data
• 3) analyze data
• 4) conclusion
• 5) communicate results

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• 6b) height of the plants in each group
• 7) Taller plants from irradiated beans
• Would prove it

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Cells Section

1. Cell membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Chloroplasts or organelles
4. vacuole
5. cytoplasm
6. Cell wall
7. Cell membrane
8. Nucleus
9. Cytoplasm
10. vesicle

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• 11) Other cells
• 12) For cellular activities and building blocks
• 13) Cell wall and chloroplast
• 14) Cell
• 15) 1 or more cells
• 16) Nucleus
• 17) Chloroplast
• 18) Cell membrane
• 19) Cell wall
• 20) Cytoplasm or cytosol
• 21) ER

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• 22) Energy
• 23) Small enough to diffuse through the membrane
• 24) DNA structures
• 25) In the nucleus
• 26) Mitosis
• 27) Reproduction
• 28) a) Nucleus
• b) Cytoplasm
• c) cell membrane
• 29) Division
• 30) Reproduction and growth

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• 31) Healing and replacement
• 32) Cells
• 33) Parent cell
• 34) Daughter cells
• 35) They are the same
• 36) Diffusion
• 37) Tissues organs organ systems - organisms