Established by 1000 C.E.

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• Established by 1000 C.E.

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Polytheism origins

• Earliest religions across all cultural regions
• Sumerian, Shang, Greek, Roman, Germanic, Mayan,
  Aztec, and African

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Polytheism Tenets

• Belief in many gods/ spirits
• Gods as personification of nature
• animism

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Hinduism Origin Spread

• Began with the Aryan invaders
• vedas
• 1700-1500 B.C.E.
• Later groups added to ideas
• Spread thru Indian Subcontinent

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Hinduism Major Tenets

• One ultimate reality Brahma
• Rebirth for spiritual progress, determined by
  karma
• Release for cycle of rebirth (moshka)
• Dharma, duties and rules of conduct to be
  followed to achieve release from reincarnation

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Hinduism Significance

• No founder, no specific date
• Tolerant of other religions
• Adaptable offers both meditation and ritual
• Varna, division of people into 4 classes,
  beginnings of caste, as a measure of ones
  spiritual progress

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Judaism Origins/Spread

• Hebrews, ancient Israelites
• First writings between 1000 and 800 B.C.E.
• Began in ancient Palestine spread into land of
  Canaan to Egypt (Exodus) and back to Canaan.
• 130s C.E. into the Middle East, North Africa, and
  Europe

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Judaism Tenets

• Monotheistic
• Chosen people through a special relationship with
  God (covenant)
• Messiah to come
• Beliefs set forth in the Torah and the Talmud
  (collection of oral laws)

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Judaism Significance

• First monotheistic religion
• Greatly influenced both Christianity and Islam
• No widespread hierarchical structure
• No missionary movement

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• Grew from protest of Brahman (highest caste)
  practices
• Siddhartha Gautama 500s B.C.E.
• Spread from Northern India, Asia and Southeast
  Asia as far as Japan by the 700s C.E.

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Buddhism origins and spread

• Siddhartha Gautama- 500 BCE
• Buddha is not a god (allows for spirits)
• Northern India- Nepal
• Spread along trade and travel routes into China,
  Japan, Southeast Asia

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Buddhism Tenets

• Four Noble truths
• Universality of Suffering
• Desire causes suffering
• Nirvana is the cessation of desire
• Eightfold path is guide to entering Nirvana
• Rightness of Knowledge, thought, speech,
  conduct, livelihood, effort, mind, and meditation

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Buddhism Significance

• Strong monastic tradition monks helped to spread
• Revival of Hinduism and Islamic invasions wipe
  out of India by 1000 ce
• Different forms emerge-
• Theraveda oldest (Southeast Asia()
• Mahyaha emphasis on the bodhisattva

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Confucianism Origins

• Confucius began teaching in 500s BCE
• Developed an ethical philosophy
• Never spread from China or regions dominated by
  China (Japan, Korea, Taiwan)

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Confucianism Tenets

• Based on five basic relationships ruler and
  subject, father and son, husband and wife,
  brothers, and friends
• Filial piety(honor to ones elders/betters)
  family as the extension of the state
• Superior man only the educated should govern

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Confucianism Significance

• Philosophical and ethical system of conduct
• Dominant in government, education, and
  scholarship for 2000 years
• Basis for civil service
• Conservative influence status quo
• Mandate from heaven
• Ancestor worship

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Daoism Origin/spread

• Attributed to Lao-tzu 400s and 300s BCE
• Spread through China has become popular in some
  Western thought
• 2nd most influential thought system

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Lao Tze
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Daoism Tenets

• Tao The Way
• Live in accord with ones nature
• Balance
• Oneness with everything thru the tao, meditation
• Yin and yang passive and active principles
• Borrowed Buddhist practices

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Daoism Significance

• Social conventions such as Confucian rituals are
  unnatural
• Mixed with peasant belief in spirits (animism)
• Interest in nature greatly influenced Chinese arts

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Christianity Origins/Spread

• Originated with the teachings of Jesus 30s CE
• Spread from Palestine throughout the Roman world,
  including the Byzantine Empire and northern
  Europe
• Three major sects Roman Catholic, Eastern
  Orthodox, and Protestant found in all continents

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Christianity Tenets

• Monotheism Jesus as the Messiah
• Thru Gods grace and the gift of faith people are
  saved
• Gospels as main source of early teachings of
  Jesus
• Large body of later writings developed to
  interpret and build on original teachings

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Christianity Significance

• Legalized by Constantine in the late 300s
• Monastic element preserved much of Greek and
  Roman learning after Roman Empire
• Missionary outreach
• Strong, universal hierarchial structure and
  discipline
• As RCC, papacy rivaled that of European emperors
  and kings

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Islam origins/Spread

• Muhammad, Early 600s CE
• From Arabian peninsula through middle East to
  Western India, Western China, sub-Saharan Africa,
  and Moorish enclaves in Spain
• Easy to learn and practice and teaches equality.
• Non-Muslims, who were Peoples of the Book,
  were allowed religious freedom, but paid
  additional taxes.

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Islam Tenets

• One God, Allah
• Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets
• 5 pillars
• No god but Allah, Muhammad is his prophet
• Prayer facing Mecca five times a day
• Charity
• Fasting during Ramadan
• pilgrimage

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The Kaba
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Islam Significance

• Split into sects argued over who would lead the
  faith after the death of the prophet
• Sunni modern majority originally adherents of
  the Umayyad
• Shiis originally followers of Ali
• Developed the Sharia, a legal code for many
  Islamic Nations

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