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DIANE Project

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Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Philipp Obreiter Last modified by: obreiter Created Date: 1/25/2002 7:51:59 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: DIANE Project


1
Universität Karlsruhe GERMANY
Stimulating Cooperative Behavior of Autonomous
Devices An Analysis of Requirements and
Existing Approaches
The Second International Workshop on Wireless
Information Systems 22. - 23. April 2003
Angers, France
Philipp Obreiter, Birgitta König-Ries, Michael
Klein
Universität Karlsruhe Institute for Program
Structures und Data Organization
DIANE Project
http//www.ipd.uni-karlsruhe.de/DIANE
2
Absence of Infrastructure
3
Autonomy
  • Autonomous devices
  • devices are free to cooperate or not
  • Sound assumption
  • tampered devices
  • re-engineered protocol stacks
  • absence of an enforcing authority
  • Devices tend to be uncooperative
  • scarceness of resources (e.g. battery power)

? cooperative behavior must be stimulated
4
Overview
  • Cooperation and uncooperative behavior
  • Issues for Incentive Schemes
  • Existing Incentive Schemes

5
Conceptual Layering
device A
device B
6
Elementary Cooperation
7
Taxonomy of Uncooperative Behavior
8
Exemplification of Uncooperative Behavior
Drop other devices' advertisements ? selfish
behavior
Wastefully consume other devices' services ?
lavish behavior
User Interface
User Interface
Application
Application
Discovery
Discovery
Transport
Transport
Dropping packets under heavy load ? venial
noncooperation
Network
Network
Link
Link
DoS attack ? malicious behavior
9
Incentive Schemes
  • Incentive Scheme
  • set of mechanisms that
  • restrict misbehavior
  • exempt venial noncooperation from punishment
  • Current approaches for Ad Hoc Networks
  • TermiNodes
  • Sprite
  • APE
  • RPG
  • Watchdog/Pathrater
  • CONFIDANT
  • CORE

10
Issues for Incentive Schemes
  • Trust
  • Transactions
  • Remuneration types

11
Incentive Scheme Issues (1) Trust
  • Trust
  • prerequisite for remuneration mechanisms
  • an incentive for cooperation
  • Static Trust
  • certification of an entity's trustworthiness
  • requires cryptographic infrastructure
  • Dynamic Trust
  • arises from prior experiences
  • need for reputation management
  • considers behavioral change

12
Incentive Scheme Issues (2) Transactions
  • Transaction
  • encompasses elementary cooperation
  • agent executes action iff principal remunerates
    agent
  • Negotiation phase
  • agreement on the action and remuneration
  • determined by the respective cost/profit ratios
  • Processing phase
  • assertion of atomicity seems daunting
  • approximated atomicity
  • by interleaving action and remuneration
  • efficient low value transactions
  • by aggregating actions and remunerations

13
Incentive Scheme Issues (3) Remuneration
  • Remuneration type
  • different types have been proposed
  • most popular types
  • checks, e.g., TermiNodes
  • reputation, e.g., Marti et al 2000
  • Transferability
  • passing on checks
  • disseminating reputation
  • Convertibility
  • cashing checks
  • reconciling user and device views of reputation

14
Account Based Incentive Schemes Properties
  • Remuneration mechanism
  • every entity possesses an account
  • accounts stored on virtual banks
  • principal issues a check
  • agent accesses a virtual bank in order to credit
    its account
  • Implementation
  • requires static trust mechanisms
  • virtual banks managed by dedicated devices
  • banker nodes
  • accessibility?
  • accounts distributed to account holders
  • tamper resistant hardware

15
Classification (1)
Approach Properties Approach Properties Approach Properties Termi- Nodes Sprite APE
Scope Coop. domain Coop. domain N/T N/T N
Scope Selfishness Selfishness yes yes yes
Scope Lavishness Lavishness yes yes yes
Scope Maliciousness Maliciousness yes - yes
Remuneration type Remuneration type Remuneration type checks checks checks
Transferability/ Dissemination Transferability/ Dissemination Transferability/ Dissemination yes - -
Convertibility Convertibility Convertibility - yes yes
Sniffing Sniffing Sniffing - - -
Trust Trust Trust static static static
Implemen-tation Implemen-tation Tamper resistance security modules - -
Implemen-tation Implemen-tation Cryptographic infrastructure public key public key public key
Trans-action Trans-action Negotiation yes - yes
Trans-action Trans-action Processing action/remuneration action/remuneration action/remuneration
Flex. remuneration Flex. remuneration Flex. remuneration yes yes yes
16
Reputation Based Incentive Schemes Properties
  • Remuneration mechanism
  • principal adapts agent's reputation according to
    its action
  • agent might decrease principal's reputation
  • agent only cooperative if principal has good
    reputation
  • Implementation
  • couple trust and remuneration
  • local views of reputation may be
  • kept local
  • shared, i.e., disseminated
  • increases effectiveness
  • introduces further opportunities for misbehavior
  • requires stable or localized cooperation patterns

17
Classification (2)
Approach Properties Approach Properties Approach Properties Termi- Nodes Sprite APE RPG Watchdog/ Pathrater CON- FIDANT CORE
Scope Coop. domain Coop. domain N/T N/T N N N N N
Scope Selfishness Selfishness yes yes yes yes - yes yes
Scope Lavishness Lavishness yes yes yes - - - -
Scope Maliciousness Maliciousness yes - yes - yes yes -
Remuneration type Remuneration type Remuneration type checks checks checks reputation reputation reputation reputation
Transferability/ Dissemination Transferability/ Dissemination Transferability/ Dissemination yes - - - yes yes only positive
Convertibility Convertibility Convertibility - yes yes - - - -
Sniffing Sniffing Sniffing - - - - yes yes yes
Trust Trust Trust static static static dynamic dynamic dynamic dynamic
Implemen-tation Implemen-tation Tamper resistance security modules - - - - - -
Implemen-tation Implemen-tation Cryptographic infrastructure public key public key public key - - - -
Trans-action Trans-action Negotiation yes - yes - - - -
Trans-action Trans-action Processing action/remuneration action/remuneration action/remuneration action/remuneration action/remuneration action/remuneration action/remuneration
Flex. remuneration Flex. remuneration Flex. remuneration yes yes yes - - - -
18
Conclusion
  • Summary
  • cooperation beyond autonomy borders requires
    stimulation
  • cooperation of protocol entities on different
    layers
  • taxonomy and exemplification of uncooperative
    behavior
  • discussion of incentive schemes
  • trust
  • transactions
  • remuneration
  • classification of existing approaches for ad hoc
    networks
  • account vs. reputation based
  • Future work
  • incentive scheme for the discovery and
    application layer
  • analysis of suitable remuneration types
  • integration of incentive schemes

19
Thank you!
Thank you for your attention!
More information on our project web
page http//www.ipd.uni-karlsruhe.de/DIANE/en
20
Matching Remuneration Types to Layers
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