Agricultural innovations led to an expansion of Europe

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Chapter 8

• Agricultural innovations led to an expansion of
  Europes population and changing conditions for
  those who worked the land.
• Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind

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Those Who Work Agricultural Labor

• New Agricultural Techniques
• Three-Field Cultivation
• The increased use of animal power required
  peasants to cultivate more land for fodder and
  hay.
• At that time, peasants were used to the two-field
  system, which means half the land was planted and
  half was unplanted.
• To accommodate the need to cultivate more land
  manors slowly adopted a three-field system.
• In the 3 field system1/3 was planted in spring,
  1/3 in fall, and 1/3 was unplanted.
• Villagers began to plant legumes, and it vastly
  improved their diets.

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Those Who Work Agricultural Labor

• The Population Doubles
• Life Span
• Infant and child deaths were high due to diseases
  and accidents, and mortality rates were higher
  than today.
• Once a person made it past childbearing or
  warfare years they would usually have a life-span
  like people today.
• Western Europeans expanded their settlements and
  their agricultural lands
• New Freedoms
• Peasants left to go east for promises of no food
  or wine tax.

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Those Who Work Agricultural Labor

• Environmental Consequences
• To build new settlements people clear-cut huge
  swaths of forest.
• When using the slash-and-burn method, it left
  clouds of smoke and ash hanging in the air.
• Settlers dumped human waste and animal remains in
  the rivers.
• In the cities, coal burning sent dangerous
  pollutants into the air.

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Chapter 8

• Medieval towns offered an ambiguous mix of
  opportunities and limitations for many residents
  as these towns flourished with the increase in
  trade.

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Those Outside the Order Town Life

• Communes and Guilds Life in a Medieval Town
• Communes and Guilds
• When townspeople couldnt peacefully obtain the
  liberties they desired they formed communes to
  stage violent revolutions.
• The communes elected their own officials,
  regulated taxation, and conducted business.
• Communes were not democratic, and were governed
  by the rich citizens.
• Tradesmen within the towns formed guilds, or
  organizations to protect their interests and
  control the trade and manufacturing.
• The guilds regulated products like gold work,
  shoes, and bread, and they managed their own
  membership and set prices.
• Children worked their way up from apprentice, to
  journeymen, and finally to guild master.

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Those Outside the Order Town Life

• Urban Jews
• Many medieval towns had a significant population
  of Jews.
• By the eleventh and twelfth centuries Christian
  merchants and craftsmen viewed the Jews as
  competition, they didnt let Jews into the guilds
  or let them own land.
• Jews became involved in money-lending because it
  was against Christian beliefs.
• The Widening Web of Trade
• Champagne Fairs
• The French count of Champagne hosted fairs for
  merchants to sell goods
• The count collected sales tax from all
  transactions.
• Fairs also drew thieves, con-artists, actors, and
  prostitutes.

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Those Outside the Order Town Life

• Hanseatic League
• An association that united to capitalize on the
  prosperous northern trade.
• At its height, the League included 70 or 80
  cities, led by Lubeck, Bremen, Cologne, and
  Hamburg.
• The Glory of God Church Architecture
• Gothic Architecture
• Abbot Suger wanted a church that reached up
  toward the heavens and that was filled with
  light.
• Pointed arches instead of round fly buttresses
  are Gothic characteristics.

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Those Outside the Order Town Life

• Stained Glass
• Glassblowers added metallic oxides to make colors
  artists fitted the colored glass to form
  pictures and designs
• The Rise of Universities
• Advanced Degrees
• Interested students could continue and receive a
  doctorate degree.
• Some students would move from school to school to
  do studies in different curricla.

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Those Outside the Order Town Life

• Scholasticism The Height of Medieval Philosophy
• Anselm and Abelard
• Anselm was the earliest medieval philosopher to
  explore the religious applications of dialectic,
  and his motto was faith seeking understanding.
• He argued that because God was perfect he must
  exist, he wrote a number of works on logic, and
  his treatise Why God Became Man became the most
  important explanation of the central Christian
  mystery.
• Abelard taught critical thinking in his work
  called Yes and No.
• He impregnated and married a 17 year old girl
  that he tutored. The girls uncle castrated him,
  their child was raised by relatives, and they
  both entered monasteries.

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Those Outside the Order Town Life

• Thomas Aquinas
• An Italian churchman whom may regard as the
  greatest scholar of the Middle Ages. He wrote
  many works such as commentaries on biblical
  books, philosophy, and a work used for converting
  heretics, Muslims, and Jews.
• His most important work was the Summa Theologiae
  Summary of Theology

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Those Outside the Order Town Life

• Discovering the Physical World
• Hildegard of Bingen
• An abbess and mystic in Germany
• Had visions and wrote about them
• Her writings showed university scholarship
• She wrote a medical text Of Causes and Cures that
  included cures, drugs, and knowledge about women.
• Experimental Science
• An Oxford master, Robert Grosseteste challenged
  his students to develop an experimental method to
  question the ancients.
• Roger Bacon continued the work, and is credited
  with helping develop scientific method
• Bacon showed the value of experimentation over
  pure logic.

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Chapter 8

• Nobles and knights refined the ideals of chivalry
  in the poetry and literature that accompanied the
  feudalistic social order.
• Castles Medieval Homes and Heavens
• Living Quarters
• The interior contained a deep well.
• There was a large public hall where residents
  ate, played games, and entertained themselves.
• There were private chambers for the lord and lady
  where they slept, bore children, and stored
  valuables.

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Chapter 8

• Kings in the High Middle Ages struggled against
  their nobles to exert centralized authority,
  transforming the map of Europe in the process.

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Those Who Fight Nobles and Knights

• The Ideals of Chivalry
• Jousts and Tournaments
• Mock battles were an activity required by
  chivalrous knights some knight received
  injuries or even died in the tournaments
• Young men won horses and armor in the contests,
  which the church repeatedly banned.
• The Literature of Chivalry
• In Praise of Romantic Love
• Courtly Love
• Andrew the Chaplain wrote the book The Art of
  Courtly Love which were rules only for nobility.
• Nobles were encouraged to take women they wanted
  by force.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• England From Conquest to Parliament
• Conquest of England
• In 1066 Edward the Confessor died without an
  heir, and the Anglo-Saxon Witan crowned Harold
  Godwinson as king.
• Harold Godwinson defeated Harold Hardradi as he
  tried to claim the crown.
• William of Normandy, Edward the Confessors
  cousin, claimed the throne, and killed Harold
  Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings. Duke William
  was then known as William the Conqueror.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• Henry I and II
• Williams son Henry I was an administrator for
  his father, and he set up departments for him.
• The financial department became important for
  making sure that wealth remained in the monarchy
• Henry II expanded royal control of justice in the
  land, and he sent justices with royal authority
  around the countryside.
• Henry IIs wife brought a large estate in France
  that was decreased by their son Richard I.
• Magna Carta
• The Great Charter asserted that kings were not
  above the law.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• Parliament
• The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands
• The Reconquest
• On the Iberian Peninsula, kings and nobles still
  fought over the issue of Centralization, but a
  larger political problem the reconquest of
  Muslim lands overshadowed this concern.
• Land that in other countries might have been held
  by the nobility emerged as small individual
  kingdoms Aragon, Castille-Leon, and Navarre.
• With the threat of the Muslims constantly lurking
  on their borders, they simply could not afford to
  focus on unifying the Iberian kingdoms.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• The Reconquest (cont.)
• Each Iberian kingdom pursued its expansion
  southward at the expense of the Muslims.
• Kings then consolidated their hold on the new
  lands by establishing Christian settlers and
  building castles on the border lands
• Encouraging town settlements which brought in
  profitable taxation.
• With this policy, the Iberian Peninsula became a
  hub for the fertile exchange of ideas among the
  three religious cultures.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• France and Its Patient Kings
• Capetian Dynasty
• The Feudal scheme gradually spread across
  northern Europe. Lords at the level of Counts
  became, in turn, the Vassals of Dukes. In the
  year 987 the Great Lords of France chose Hugh
  Capet as their king and became his Vassals. The
  Kings of France enjoyed little real power for
  another 200 years, but the descendants of Hugh
  occupied their throne for eight centuries, until
  the French Revolution.
• Perhaps most important, the Capetians were
  fortunate enough to produce sons to inherit their
  throne.
• The kings had to wrestle with the problem of the
  extensive English holdings in France.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• Capetian Dynasty (cont.)
• Philip II (1180-1223) made great strides in
  centralizing his lands by directly addressing the
  English holding. In wars against the English,
  Philip finally defeated King John and took over
  the English lands of Normandy, Maine, and Anjou.
• Louis IX
• The fortunes of the Capetians were dramatically
  forwarded by Louis IX (1226-1270) whom many
  consider the greatest of the medieval kings.
• Cared for the poor and sick, and he achieved a
  distinction highly unusual for a king.
• He took an interest in law and justice and wanted
  royal justice to be available to all his
  subjects.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• Louis IX (cont.)
• His advisors began to copify the laws of France.
• Finally Louis confirmed the Parliament of Paris
  a Court, not a Representative Assembly as the
  highest court in France
• It held this position until 1789.
• Louis IX died while on Crusade.
• He was proclaimed a saint by the church.
• Philip IV
• King Philip IV The Fair (1285-1314) believed
  that the greatest obstacle to his power was
  Edward I of England.
• Philip engaged in intermittent wars against
  Edward from 1294-1302.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• Philip IV (cont.)
• In 1302, Philip needed the support of the realm
  in his struggles against the Pope and the raise
  money.
• He summoned representatives from church, nobility
  and towns to the first meeting of the Estates
  General.
• As these men gathered to advise their king, they
  sat according to the medieval order, those who
  prayed, fought, and worked.
• This triple arrangement, so different from the
  two Houses of Parliament that grew up in England,
  helped diffuse each groups power, allowing kings
  to maintain tight control.
• By the end of the thirteenth century, the French
  Monarchy was the best-governed and wealthiest in
  Europe. It was a power to be reckoned with.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• The Myth of Universal Rule The Holy Roman
  Empire
• Saxon Dynasty
• Early in the tenth century, the last direct
  descendant of Charlemagne died.
• The German Dukes recognized the need for a
  leader.
• In 919 elected Henry of Saxony (modern day
  Germany) to be King.
• His descendants held the German Monarchy until
  1024.
• The most powerful of this line of Kings was Otto
  I (936-973) who restored the title of Emporer.
• Like Charlemagne, Otto fostered a revival of
  learning in Germany in literature and art.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• Salian Dynasty
• The Ottonian Dynasty ended in 1024, and the
  German nobles selected Henry III (1039-1056) from
  another branch of the Saxon family, the Saxon
  Dynasty of Germany.
• He was an able king who looked for ways to exert
  more control in his lands, and he increasingly
  used Bishops and Abbots that he appointed as his
  administrators.
• When his son Henry IV (1056-1106) tried to
  continue that policy, he ignited a firestorm of
  debate called the Investiture controversy
• Hohenstaufen Dynasty
• The Emperor Fredrick I (1152-1190) known as
  Barbarossa, or Red-Beard, elected from the house
  of Hohenstaufen.

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The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• Hohenstaufen Dynasty
• Came close to establishing a consolidated German
  Empire
• He had inherited Burgandy and Swabia.
• Invaded Italy to subdue Lombardy in the north.
• The wars in Italy drained rather than
  strengthened the Emperors resources.
• Hapsburg Dynasty
• The German princes wanted to preserve the
  freedoms they had acquired under Fredrick II, so
  they elected a man they considered a weak prince
  Rudolph of Habsburg as emperor.
• Medieval German emperors had little hope of
  holding their so-called empire together.

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Chapter 8

• Church leaders also stove toward centralization,
  which often led them into conflicts with secular
  leaders and the Muslim and Byzantine empires.
• A Call for Church Reform

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• The Investiture Controversy
• The controversy between Gregory and Henry was
  triggered by the question of who should appoint
  or invest bishops in Germany, a matter that was
  as much political as religious.
• Concordat of Worms
• In 1122 the new emperor, Henry V, negotiated a
  compromise in the investiture controversy, the
  Concordant of Worms.
• Pope and emperor decided the pope could invest
  new bishops with their symbols of office,
  indicating the priority of the church over its
  churchmen.
• The Emperor could be present at and influence the
  elections of bishops.

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Thomas Becket
• Tensions persisted between clergy and lay rulers
  who wanted to strengthen their own rule in their
  home territories. In England, the struggle took
  the form of a deadly clash between King Henry II
  and his archbishop, Thomas Becket.
• Becket wanted to preserve the churchs right to
  be exempt from legal authority Henry was using to
  consolidate his power over his land. A small
  group of knights seeking to please their king
  split Beckets head with their swords.
• Becket quickly became a martyr, Henry was forced
  to compromise with the pope to gain forgiveness
  for the murder.
• Henry had to let the papacy be the court of
  appeal from English ecclesiastical courts, which
  brought the English church more closely into the
  sphere of Rome.

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Innocent III
• By the beginning the beginning of the 13th
  century, popes could with some accuracy claim
  that they presided over a universal Christiandon.
• Innocent was able to exert leadership over
  princes of Europe, and he insisted that many
  kings obey him.
• He fought heretics and wanted to clarify
  Christian belief.
• He called the Fourth Lateran Council, in 1215.

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Christians on the March The Crusades, 109
• Islam Strengthened
• In the eleventh
• century, Islam gained
• strength
• C. 1280
  CIMABUE
• MADONNA AND CHILD
  ENTHRONED

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Pope Urbans Call
• Urban called for Christians to begin a holy war
  against the newly strengthened Muslims
• Crusader States
• The crusader principalities served as outposts of
  western European culture in the East
• Subsequent Crusades
• The Second Crusade was urged on by Bernard of
  Clairveaux

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Knights Templars
• Protected pilgrims and served as bankers for
  those traveling to the Holy Land.
• They grew so powerful that many began to resent
  their strength and organization
• Crusaders Expelled
• In 1291, the Muslims seized the last crusader
  outpost on the Asian mainland

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Criticism of the Church
• Waldensians
• Valdes gave up all his material possessions in
  order to wander, beg, and preach
• Churchmen were threatened by his implicit
  criticism of churches decorated with gold
• The pope condemned Valdes as a heretic in 1181
• The Church Accommodates Franciscans and
  Dominicans

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Francis of Assisi
• Founded the Franciscan movement
• The son of a wealthy Italian merchant
• Had an experience that inspired him to give up
  all his earthly goods, but he survived by
  begging, and helped care for the poor people of
  Assisi and other nearby towns.
• His demeanor and preaching style had a broad
  appeal.

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Dominican Order
• The Franciscans appealed to those who believed in
  a poor and humble church.
• The Dominicans were led by Dominic de Guzman, who
  believed that heresy could be fought through
  preaching.
• In 1217, Pope Honorius approved the Order of
  Preachers, who took an oath of poverty and lived
  among the people instead of in monasteries.
• They emphasized preaching and study at
  universities to ensure that their preaching was
  strictly orthodox.
• The Dominicans appealed to peoples minds, and
  the Franciscans spoke to their hearts.
• The Church Suppresses the Albigensian Crusade
  and the Inquisition

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Those Who Pray Imperial Popes and Expanding
Christendom

• Albigensian Crusade
• They were threatening to the church because their
  ideas struck at the heart of the Christian
  belief.
• The pope called a crusade against them in 1209.
• During the crusades 20 years thousands of people
  were massacred.
• The Inquisition
• In the mid 13th century, the church established a
  new court the inquisition designed to stomp
  out threatening ideas.