????????? Form ???, ??

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????????? Form ???, ??

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Title: ????????? Form ???, ??

1
? ? ?

??????????????
???????

???????????????
????????? Form ???, ??
??? / ??
?7080?? ????????
90??

Bloomfield (1933207) ??
??????????
????????????
?word???phrase?????
???????? (??? 1990)

4
I. ?????????????

????
????

5
?? -

??????????????,
????????????
?? -
????,????
????,????

6
????

??????
? ???
? ???????
? ?????????
??
?????????? ?? ????

7
?????

Boys
Ripens
??????????????

Boys ? boy s
Ripens ? ripe en s
gt

9
gt

??????????,????
?????????????
???????????????
???????????(??)?

10
????????

Qaung
pa-qaung
cemel
pu-cemel
ki-pu-cemel

??
????
?, ??
??
??

c-em-pu
c-em-pu-cemp-u

???? (??)
?? (??)

12
???????????

Puacacaunukankiai (?)??????
Ca ?(??)
U-ca ??(??)
U-ca-ca ???
P-u-a-ca-ca ?????
P-u-a-ca-ca-unu (????)
P-u-a-ca-ca-unu-kan (??????)
P-u-a-ca-ca-unu-kan-kiai (??????)

13
???????
saa v ? sa-a Saa ta da ???? saan v ?(???) sa-an Saan mu rmngaw ???
sai v (???) sa-i Sai smiling ??! saun v ?(??? ???) sa-un Saun mu mgay ???
14
qtaaw v ? qta-aw Qtaaw tq patas baga su ??????? qtaan v ?(???) qta-an Qtaan su ka qtahi nii hug? ????????
qtai v ?(???) qta-i Qtai nhari ??? qtaun v ?(??????) qta-un Qtaun su knuwan? ???????
15
??????

yugiy ??
m-yugiy ???lt???gt
l-yugiy ????lt???gt
p-yugiy ????
s-yugiy (??)????? gt ????
k-m-yugiy ????, ????
l-m-yugiy ????????

16
? ??????????

?? ???? inflection
??(??) derivation
?? compounding
?? reduplication

??
???????????,
????
??????

18
II. ? ? ? ?

??(??)morpheme
? ?????????????
X
? ????? ???????

A. ???????- ?????
B. ??(??)???
C. ??????

20
A. ???????- ?????

??
??
?????
??

21
????????

a. ??????
b. ??????

22
????

????
????
??/????

23
????

a. ??????
??,??,???,??
b. ??????
??,??,?????,??

24
????????????????????????

????
Broca??????? ?
???????????????
??????,?????

25
B. ??(??)??? I

? ?????? ?
a. ???? free morpheme
b. ???? bound morpheme
? ????????????? ?
c. ???? derivational morpheme
d. ???? inflectional morpheme

26
a. ???? free morpheme

????????
??boy,book,ripe
?,?,?
amo ??

27
b. ???? bound morpheme

??????
??in- ,un- ,dis- ,pro-
?,?
-u ??

???? bound morpheme
???
?? affix
?? affix
?? (??) prefix
?? (??) infix
?? (??) suffix

29
c. ???? derivational morpheme

??????
??????
????
?????(affix)???,
???????

30
??

??????
ripe (???) ? ripen (??)
?? (??) ? ??? (??)
????
happy ? unhappy

??????
-tion (??),-able (???)
-?, -?, -? (??)

32
d. ???? inflectional morpheme

?????????
???????
???????
????????

33
??

-?,-?,-?
(???????,?????
??,??,???????)
-s , -ed , -ing , -en

? ?????? ?
a. ???? free morpheme
b. ???? bound morpheme
? ????????????? ?
c. ???? derivational morpheme
d. ???? inflectional morpheme

35
B. ??(??)??? II

????? Lexical morpheme
??, ??
(open class)
????? Grammatical morpheme
???, ??, ???
(close class)

36
??????? (Zeitoun, 2005)

??
???? ????
??? ??? ??? ???
kane mani -takolra
alaka-
? ?? ?
??

37
???????

????????
? ?????? content morpheme
? ??????function morpheme
???? allomorph

Content morpheme
?? - ??,????
Function morpheme
?? - ????,
??????????

39
Allomorph ????

??
???????????????
?,??????????
?? - cats /s/, dogs /z/, watches /?z/
??,??

40
Allomorphs are variants of a single
distributional unit.
(Matthews, 1974)

???????????
??? (phonological)
??? (grammatical)
??? (lexical)

41
1. ??? (phonological)?????

??
???????? em- ???????
m- ? -en-
t-em-ekel ?
m-alrim ??
v-en-eli ?

42
2. ??? (grammatical)?????

??
????????? o- ???????,
m- , om-, ø-
o-amece ? om-alra ? ø-avii ?
o-isiki ?? om-iki ?,? ø-irovo ?
o-omale ? om-oa ? ø-omikace ????

43
3. ??? (lexical)?????

??
??????????????? a-
a-tamatama ?? a-valrovalro ??
la-a-lake ???

44
?????

??
(??)
sail sailing sails sailed
row rowing rows rowed
fish fishing fishes fished
(??)
tekel t-em-ekel ?
Veli v-en-eli ?

45
????Paradigm??

1. A set of forms having a common root or stem,
of which one form must be selected in certain
grammatical environments.
2. The set of substitutional relationships a
linguistic unit has with other units in a
specific context.
(Crystal 1997 , Payne, T.
1997)

46
Does the morpheme have, or change, meaning?
47
C. ??????

?????????????????????

48
III. ? ? ? ? ? ?

????????
?????
word formation process

49
??????

????
????????????????
????????????????

50
??????

A. ???? / ????
linear / horizontal structure
B. ????
hierachical structure

51
??1

Reusable
?? able ???
use usable
break breakable
wash washable
adjust adjustable

Reusable
re ?? ??
adjust readjust
appear reappear
consider reconsider

53
? ?????

(1)
re use reuse
(2)
reuse able reusable
?

Adjective
/ \
Verb -able
/ \
re- Verb
use

55
??2

???
?? ? ??
?? ???
?? ???

Verb
/ \
Noun ?
/ \
Adj. Noun
? ?

57
??3

???
?? ? ??
?? ???
?? ???

Noun
/ \
Noun ?
/ \
Verb ?
?

59
??4

???
Humis ???
Davus ?

Mi-humis ??
Ka-davus ??

60
??(??)??? ambiguous

1. Adj.
/ \
un- Adj.
/ \
Verb -able
lock

2. Adj.
/ \
Verb -able
/ \
un- Verb
lock

61
Exercise

disappearance
dis- ? not
appear ? appear
-ance ? to change a V.
into a Noun

62
? ?

dis-connect
dis-believe
dis-appear

appear-ance
endur-ance
accept-ance

Noun
/ \
Verb -ance
/ \
dis- appear

64
How to Solve Morphology Exercise

??????minimal units
?? comparison ?
???? contrast
????????

????? homophones ???
ex work-er fast-er
????? allomorphs ???
ex dog-s cat-s

66
???????

?? -
????phonetic representation??
??????????
(?????????)

67
?? -

1. ?????????

68
?? -

1. ?????????
2. ???????? phonetic form
????????,?????
??????????

69
?? -

1. ?????????
2. ???????? phonetic form
????????,?????
??????????
3. ??????????????
?,???? form ??????
?,? allomorph?

70
?????? -

?????????????
????????

71
IV. Word formation process

? ? ? ? ?
? ?? ? ?? ?????

1. ?? derivation
2. ?? compounding
3. ?? reduplication
4. ???(?)?? acronym
5. ?? blending
6. ????? Back-formation

7. ?? borrowing
8. ??/ ?? Abbreviation / clipping
9. ?? Coinage
10. ????? Functional Shift
11. ??????? Morphological Misanalysis

73
1. ?? derivation

???? (prefix, suffix, infix)
??
unhappy, misrepresent,
careless, joyful, terrorism
??, ???, ???

74
Prefix prefix harmony
?????????

mis-utmag mis-busuk
burn-carelessly burn-intoxicated
(He) carelessly became drunk.
????????
(??????? Nojima, 199717-18)

kis-asu-a-s mabananaz-tia kis-laupa
stab-immediatley-OBL man-that stab-stab
????, ???????(????).
(??????? Nojima, 199717-18)

76
2. ?? compounding

??????????????
??1.
bookcase, fingerprint, sunburn
hnab looj tes ?????
(???????)

??2.
??
??
??

78
??3.

????? ?? ????? ?
1. ???????????
ovale ? kipingi ?? ovale kipingi ??
(?????)

2. ?????????
balas ? na mit ? ??
(Atayal ?)
3. ????????
ua ? chumu ? uachumu ??
(??)

80
3. ?? reduplication

????
????
????
?? (??????????)
CVCV-CVCV?CVC-CVC

????(Full reduplication)
??????????. ???????????, ????.
1. ???? ???
dae- ?? dae-dae ?? (???)

2. ?????? ???
ma-poli ? ma-poli-poli ??
(?????)
3. ???? ???, ??
w-a-kane ? w-a-kane-kane ???
(???)

????(Partial reduplication)
?????????????
(??C-, CV, CCV, CYV-, Ca-), ?????????????.
1. ???? ???, ??? (?????)
kwange ? kwa-kwange ???
(???)

2. ?????? ??? (?????)
cofkoya ?? co-cofkoya ???
(??)
3. ???? ???, ?? (?????)
hucmasi ??? hu-hucmasi ??
(??)

????
Ca- ?????????/a/, ???????????????. (Blust 1998)
-gt ????????????????
botoe ? ba-botoe ?
koLkoL ??? ka-koLkoL ???
(???)

CV.V?????????????????,????. (Zeitoun and Wu 2005)
?????, ???.
w-a-kane ? w-a-kae-kae-kaane ??
i-balriw ?? i-bai-balriw ????
(???)

???? ??????????????
(???)
? wa-tubi ? Ca-CVCV-
ma-ta-tubi-tubi ?????
wa-lrumay ? Ca-CVV-CVV-
ma-lra-lrua-lrua-lrumay
?????
wa-davace ?? CV-CVCV-
wa-da-dava-davace
????

88
4. ???(?)?? acronym

???????????
??
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
UNESCO

????????,??????
Laser
(light amplification by stimulated
emissiom of radiation)
Radar
(radio detecting and ranging)

?? (????)
??? (?????)
??? (???????)

91
5. ?? / ?? blending

????????????
??
smog smoke fog
brunch breakfast lunch
motel motor hotel
? ??

92
6. ????? Back-formation

???????
???????,????,??
?????????
???????(????)??
???

??
editor ? edit
donation ? donate
option ? opt

94
7. ?? borrowing

???????????
??
??????? alcohol
??? boss
??? robot

95
8. ??/?? Abbreviation/clipping

??????????????
??
ad (advertisement)
fan (fanatic)
plane (aeroplane)
lab (laboratory)
flu (influenza)

96
9. ?? Coinage

?????????
??
aspirin, kleenex, xerox,
sandwich
???

97
10. ????? Functional Shift

????
????

98
??

Hes papering the bedroom walls.
Have you buttered the toast?
They up the prices.
We down a few beers.
???????

99
11. ??????? Morphological Misanalysis

Hamburger ?
cheeseburger
pizzaburger

100
?? - ??????

I just got a new car-phone.
Shiel wants to be a footballer.
The negotiation blueprinted a new peace proposal.
Another skyjacking has just been reported.

101
Answer

a. car-phone
?? telephone ??? phone,
?????

102

b. footballer
?????? foot ? ball ???
?,????????? -er

103

c. blueprinted
?????? blue ? print ???
?,????????????

104

d. skyjacking
?? sky ? hijack ?? ???,?
???????? -ing

105
??

A. noisy crow
B. the crow
C. scarecrow
D. crows

Root morpheme inflectional suffix
Phrase consisting of adj noun
Grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme
Compound noun

106
??

Terrorized
Uncivilized
Terrorize
Lukewarm
impossible

Free root
Bound root
Inflectional suffix
Derivational suffix
Inflectional prefix
Derivational prefix
Inflectional infix
Derivational infix

107
??

??? im- ? in- ??????.
?? im- ? in- ???????.
im- ? in- ?????????

108
?????????

1. ??
???? ??
2. ?? (??)
prefixation, suffixation

109

3. ??
4. ??
????,??

110

5. ????
6. ?????
?????

111

7. ?? compounding
a.?? - ??, ??
b.?? (?????????)
??, ??, ??

112

c. ?? (???????)
??, ??, ??, ??, ??.
d. ?? - ??, ??, ??.

113

e. ?? - ??, ??.
f. ?? - ??, ??.

114

g. ?? - ??, ??.
h. ??
????, ????, ???.

115
V. ? ? ? ? ?

?????????????

116

??
???????????
???von Humboldt ??

117
?????????????

1.?????? (???)?
analytic language /
isolating language
2. ???????
synthetic language

118
1.?????? (???)?

????????????
????????

119

??-
??
(??????,?????,
?????)

120
2. ???????

?????????????
???????????????
?????

121
???????-

A. ??? Agglutinating language
B. ??? Fusional language
C. ?????
Polysynthetic language

122
??? Agglutinating language

????????????
???????????????

123
??1 -

?? Swahili ?
???? ??
m- toto ??
???? ??
wa- toto ???

124
??2 -

ni na - soma ?????
?- ??- ??
ni - li soma ?(??)????
? -?? ??

125
?????? -

????
??
???

126
B. ??? Fusional language

?????????????
?????????? !
??????????????

127
?? -

???? -????
hablo ????
habla ?(?)???
hablamos ?????

128
???? -

???
????
??
????

129
C. ????? Polysynthetic language

????????
????????????

130
?? -

?? Sora ??
popu?kuntam
p? -pu? -kun -t- am
?? ?? ?? ??? ??????
???????????

131
???? -

?????
???
????????

132
?????????? ?

????????????
??????????
????????????

133
?????????? -

??
1. ???????
??seldom
now

134

2. ???????
?? re-adjust-able
un-avoid-able

135

3. ???????
?? mice
went

136
VI. ??? Lexical categories

??????????????
??
????? ?????
?? ?? ??? ???? ??

137

A. ???????
?????
dhonai savare ??????
dhonai o-kane
??
amo-kane ?? amo-savare
(???????)

138

??
ki-kane-lrao ??? ki-savare
?
toramoro ka maatadhii ??
toramoro ka savare
(???????)

139
B. ????????

???????
pa-kane ?? pa-kataadhii ??
amo-kane ?? amo-kataadhii ??
???????
o-kane-kane ?? ma-poli-poli ??
(???????)

140

??????
ki-cengele-nga-nai ka torarmoro ?????
mataadhii toramoro ??
??????
ki-kane ?? ki-kaatadhii ??
ka o-kane-ka-i ka mataadhii-ka-i
??? ???
(???????)

141
C. ?????????????, ?? ???????????????

?????????????. ??????????
???????????(wh-items)????????. ???????????????????
.
?????????????.

142
VI-1. ??????

???????????????????
??
?? ?? ?? ?? ??
1SG y-ako n-aku ao s-aku aken
2SG Soo -su -su isu -sun

143

??
?? ?? ?? ?? ??
1PL y-ami mza s-ami -amen
ita -ta -to -ta
-iten
2PL moyo -mu -mu mamu -mun

144
????????????

????
?????????
???????

?????
??????
?????
??????

145
VI-1.??????

????????????????????????.
??????????????

146
VI-2. ??????

???????
???(Agent/Actor) - -um-
???(Patient)- -un
??(Location)- -an
???(Beneficiary)???(instrument)- -si
(???)

147

?
q-m-alup-aken tua vavuy i (tua) gadu
??-? ?? ?? ? ?? ?
???????.
ku-qalup-en a vavuy i (tua) gadu
ku-qalup-an a gadu tua vavuy
ku-si-qalup a vuluq tua vavuy

148
VI-2. ??????

?????
???????????????????
??????????????????????
??? neutralization
???????????????????

149

?? ??
?? ?????? ??????
???? -um- mo- mu- m- b- ø-
???? -un -a
???? -an -i
????/ -si -(n)eni
?????

150
VII. ??

???? Websters Third International
Dictionary of the English Language
450,000 ???
? ????????,???????
????????????

151

??????,??????????????
????,??????????
????????? 13,000?????
????????? 60,000?????
?????3750??,????10??????

152
???????

????????
1. ???????
2. ??????
3. ??????
4. ?? (???-??-??)

153
???? ????? ???? ???????
? ?? ?, ?, ???????? ??
?? ?? ???, ???, ???, ??? ??
?? ? ????, ???, ??? ????
154

????? ???? ???
?
????????? utterance
???
gt
????????????

155

???????? -
?????
homonyms / homophones

156
??

Bear X Bare ?????
She cant bear (tolerate) children.
She cant bear (give birth to) children.
Bruin bear is the mascot of UCLA.
He stood there bare and beautiful.

157
A. ?? Dictionaries ???

1. ?????????
(Mental Dictionary).
????? -- ??
????

158

??? ????
???????????
???????
?????????
gender/sex

159
??

???? Bantu ?
?????????,???
?
??19???? Gender?
?????? ? ??

160

?????
?????????????
?????????
?
??????

161
2. Lexicography

lexicon ( dictionary)
a list of words together
with their meanings and
other useful bits of
linguistic information

162

?????,?? 3000?????????????
???????????????20??50???

163
????????????????????(R.R.K.Hartmann)?????????????
???????(Gregory James)???????????(Dictionary
of Lexicography,1998)????
164
?????2000?????,??????????

??????????
1.????????
2.???
3.??????
4.?????????
5.????????

6. ????????
7. ???????
8. ??????
9. ?????
10.???????
11.????????? ????????

165
???????????

??,???????????????????????????????????????
??,????????????????,???????,????????

166

??,????????????????????????????
1.?????
??????(??????????)
???????(??????????
?)?????????
2.??(???)??????????(?????????????)???(???????????
????)??
???

167

3.?????
???????????(????????????????)?????(????????????
????)????
4.?????
??????????????????(?????????????????????)?

168

??,?????????????????,?????????(????)?????????????,
???????????
???,????????????(???)?????,???????????,????????
?????????????

169

??,???????????????????
???????? ???????????
????????????????
?????????????????
??????????????????

170
B. ???????

1.???? (standard)???
2.????? (definition)
3.??????? (spelling)????
4.?? (parts of speech)

171
??

???? ??
???????????
??

172
??

Salu ??
salu
??

Kisalu ??
Ki-salu
(??)??-??
??

173

Masalu ??
Ma-salu
??-??
??

Masaluaken ???
? ??
Ma-salu-aken
??-??-??
??

174

Smalu ????
S-m-alu
???
??

Salusaluin ??
Salu-salu-in
????
??

175
C. ?????

??????
????

176
?????

Potential words (Potential lexicon)
Actual words (Permanent lexicon)

177

List of Word
Morphemes? Formation?Filter?Dictionary
Rules
?
?
output? phonology ? Syntax
(Halle 1973)

178
??

??????, ????, ?????????
(i) WORDaffix readverN
(ii) ROOTaffix elektrisAityN
???????????????????
N?V V?N A?N
N?A V?A A?V
N?N V?V A?A

179
??

Widespread widespread (verbverb)
Birdcage birdcage (nounnoun)
bedroom brainwash haircut
sunflower telltale seasick
catfish watchdog hothouse
leadfree madman heartbeat

180
VIII. ?

? ? ???????
????
Sapir??????????
word is merely a form.

181
A. ??????????

?? 1. ??????????????
????,?????????
?????
?
????????

182

?? 2. ?????????????
? ??????????????, ???????????????.
? ??????, ???.

183
???? v.s. ?????

????? ?
?????????????
???? ?
????????, ?????
??????

184
????? ????? ????
?? ?? F1 F2 F3 . Fn
M1 M2 M5 E E E E E E E E
185
B. ????

???? ? ???? ?????????
?? ??
?? (????)

186

???? orthography
? ???????????????
???????????????
? ????????, ??????
?????????

187

???? ????
______________________________
???? ??(???)
?? ????
?? ????

188
??

?? -- ????(???)
?? -- ???????
????? -- ????
?? -- ????

189
C. ?????

?????????????
??????,???????????????????

190

????,????proto-type??????????,?????????????????
?????????
?????????

191

?????
????
??
???????????,
????????????????

192

???? ?
???? ?
????(???)
??-?????? ?
????????? ?
???????

193

??????????????? ?????? ?
????????????????? ?
????(morphology)?????????????????

194

60????????????????????????
80?????????????
90?????????????,??????????????

195
IX. ??????

Morphology
????????????????????? Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe(1749-1832)
??????????????
Morph - ???????shape, form

196
Morphology in action

?????
?? Rebop music store in NY
??
?? Unbreak my heart, uncry these tears by
Toni Braxton

197

? ??????????????
?? ???????????
I eat one melon a day.
I eat two melons a day.
I eat two melon a day.
????????????

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I walk to school.
I walked to school.
I walk to school yesterday.
????????????????

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Background and Beliefs

???????? -
A. ????????
Language v.s. language

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B. ??????/??????????
(??????????)
C. ????????

201
????????????

Hocketts three models (1958)
????????????
Item-and-Arrangement (IA)
Item-and-Process (IP)
Word-and-Paradigm (WP)

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1. Item-and-Arrangement (IA)

From a picture of each language as a set of
elements and the patterns in which those elements
occur.
??????????,??????Item
??books ? book s

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2. Item-and-Process (IP)

A picture gives no independent status to the
items, which arise instead through the
construction of the patterns.
??books ? book s
??? book ????????? s

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?? Take ? Took
(1) took ?????
(2) took ?????take?/ed/??
???
(3) took ???take?/ed/??????
(4) took ?? /t..k/?/u/

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gt????
IP ?????? A. Bake?Baked
B. Take?Took

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?? IA ? IP

IA ? IP ???????
??????? IA ???????,
??????? IP ??????

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??
?? form ? ?? function?
????? -
.?????????

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3. Word-and-Paradigm (WP)

??????????????
One-One ? Many-Many

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????Paradigm??

1. A set of forms having a common root or stem,
of which one form must be selected in certain
grammatical environments.
2. The set of substitutional relationships a
linguistic unit has with other units in a
specific context.
Crystal 1997 , Payne, T.
1997

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What is a paradigmatic lexical relation?

Definition
A paradigmatic lexical relation is a culturally
determined pattern of association between lexical
units that
1. share one or more core semantic components
2. belong to the same lexical category
3. fill the same syntactic position in a
syntactic construction, and
4. have the same semantic function.

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????
Lexical relation Example set
Synonym A "happy" synonym set happy, joyful, glad
Scalar property A temperature set cold, cool, lukewarm, warm, hot
Opposite A social relation set (student, teacher), (patient, doctor)
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