WORLD WAR I

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WORLD WAR I
Out of Many Chapter 22
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Roosevelt Corollary (extension )

• Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
• A lot of Latin countries were in debt to European
  countries could not pay
• 1902 German/British arbitration of Venezuelan
  dispute
• 1903 Dominican Republic defaults on Euro debts
  / U.S. collects
• 1911 Nicaragua defaults on debt / U.S. collects
• Dec. 1904 Rather than let European nations
  intervene a blatant violation of the Monroe
  Doctrine - Roosevelt declared that the US would
  intervene, whenever necessary, instead
• Becomes known as the Roosevelt Corollary
• Means US would send gunboats to a Latin coutnry
  that was deliquent in its debts
• US sailors would manage ports and ensure customs
  taxes were being collected properly
• Monroe Doctrine requires U.S. to become the
  international policeman of Latin America

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SPEAK SOFTLY AND CARRY A BIG STICK

• Teddy Roosevelts philosophy on foreign policy
• Speak softly negotiations
• Carry a Big Stick use whatever force is
  necessary if negotiations fail
• Prime example is

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During the Spanish American War in 1898, the U.S.
desired a quicker way of moving ships between the
east and west coast of North America. The voyage
around South America could take months.
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PANAMA CANAL

• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 190l
• Previously, the US GB had a agreement to both
  build a canal in Central America
• Now, they could begin the canal w/out British
  involvement
• U.S. offered to buy it from Colombia for 10
  million, plus 250,000 yearly rent
• Colombia refused the offer so
• TR encourages Panamanian revolt
• Sends naval cruiser warships to provide support
  if necessary
• Panama claims independence.
• U.S. signs treaty for rights to build operate
  canal just 2 weeks later.
• Construction starts 1904 first ships through in
  1914.

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OPEN DOOR POLICY WITH CHINA

• Japan China at war over Korea in 1894
• Japan wins gets territory in China
• European nations worried about Japans new power
  divided China up into spheres of influence
  controlled by the major European nations
• Spheres of influence area where a foreign
  nation controlled economic development trade
• Sec. Of State John Hay supports Open Door
  Policy
• Open Door Policy sought free trade with China
  by all countries
• Europe and Japan didnt think much of this policy
  had no real effect early on.

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RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

• Russia wants Korea (Japan has it)
• Japan wants resources from Manchuria Russia
  controls this area
• Sneak attack by Japan on Russian Fleet, 1905
  (like Pearl Harbor)
• Japan is winning but by 1905 both sides are ready
  to make peace
• Japan is running out of resources
• Russia has revolutionary problems

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PEACE

• TR asked to act as mediator
• Convinces Russia to leave Manchuria
• Convinces Japan to accept small amount of land
  instead of it felt Russia owed
• TR gets Nobel Peace Prize
• Effect of the war
• Balance of power in Asia has shifted from Russia
  to Japan
• Japan is now seen as the biggest Eastern threat

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GENTLEMENS AGREEMENT, 1907

• SPEAK SOFTLY is the deal negotiated
• CALIFORNIA will stop segregating Japanese
  schoolchildren
• JAPAN will halt emigration to U.S.

• CARRY A BIG STICK
• TR sends new navy Great White Fleet on world
  tour as show of American force U.S. does NOT
  fear Japans growing military power

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• Public had a low opinion of Taft
• Much more conservative than Roosevelt
• Felt he was destroying Roosevelts Square Deal

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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

• Use foreign policy to protect American
  investments abroad
• Use American money to uphold foreign policy
  (investment in areas of concern to U.S.
  Caribbean China)
• Revolutions in Caribbean
• U.S. intervention
• Nicaragua, Marines 1911
• Cuba, Honduras, Haiti

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Wilson Moral Diplomacy

• Wilson called for a New Freedom in govt
  promised a moral approach to foreign affairs
• Opposed imperialism and the big-stick and
  dollar-diplomacy policies of his Republican
  predecessors
• In his first term as president, Wilson had
  limited success applying a high moral standard to
  foreign relations
• Hoped to demonstrate that the US respected other
  nations rights would support the spread of
  democracy

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Righting Past Wrongs

• Hoping to demonstrate that his presidency was
  opposed to self-interested imperialism, Wilson
  took steps to correct what he viewed as wrongful
  policies of the past

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RPW The Philippines

• Wilson won passage of the Jones Act
• (1) granted full territorial status
• (2) guaranteed a bill of rights universal male
  suffrage
• (3) promised Philippine independence as soon as a
  stable govt was in place

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RPW Puerto Rico

• 1917, an act in Congress granted US citizenship
  to all inhabitants of PR
• Also, provided for limited self-government

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RPW The Panama Canal

• 1914, persuaded Congress to repeal an act that
  had granted US ships an exemption from paying the
  standard canal tolls charged to other nations
• Angered American nationalists like Roosevelt, but
  please the British

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Military Intervention in Latin American

• Wilson had a blind spot with respect to some of
  the countries in Central America the Caribbean
• Went far beyond TR Taft in his use of US
  marines to straighten out financial political
  troubles
• Kept marines in Nicaragua
• Ordered troops into Haiti (1915) Dominican
  Republic (1916)
• Argued was needed to maintain stability protect
  the canal

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Conflict in Mexico

• Wilsons moral approach was tested by a
  revolution civil war in Mexico
• 1913, General Victoriano Huerta seized power
  byarranging toassassinate thedemocraticallyele
  cted president

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Tampico Incident

• Wilson asked for an arms embargo against the
  Mexican govt
• Sent a fleet to blockade the port of Vera Cruz
• Sailors were arrested, then released
• Mexico refused to apologize
• War seemed imminent
• South Americas ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil,
  Chile) offered to mediate
• FIRST dispute in the Americas to be settled
  through joint mediation

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Pancho Villa

• Huerta fell from power in late 1914
• Replaced by a more democratic regime led by
  Venustiano Carranza
• Almost immediately, the new govt was challenged
  by a band of revolutionaries loyal to Pancho
  Villa
• Hoping to destabilize his opponents govt, Villa
  led raids across the US/Mexican border murdered
  people in both TX NM
• March 1916, Wilson ordered Pershing to pursue
  Villa into Mexico
• Stayed in northern Mexico for months w/out
  capturing Villa
• Carranza grew tired of the American presence
  protested
• January 1917, US withdrew troops due to the
  growing possibility of entering into WWI

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CAUSES OF THE WAR For Europe

• IMPERIALISM
• NATIONALISM individual ethnic groups wanting
  their own nations
• MILITARISM
• Tensions high an arms race war preparations
  began
• Pre-war alliances for protection by 1914

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The Alliance System

• In 1871, Prussia had created the German Empire
• Empire grew rapidly
• Transformed European politics
• During creation, had attacked France for more
  territory
• France Germany would become immediate enemies
• Germany signed alliances with Italy
  Austria-Hungary
• Became known as the Triple Alliance

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The Alliance System

• Russia feared the alliance with Austria-Hungary
  Germany
• France Russia sign the Franco-Russian Alliance
• Britain remain neutral
• Germany Britain found themselves in the middle
  of a naval race
• Convinced Britain they needed a closer
  relationship with France
• Although they never signed a formal agreement,
  there was a verbal understanding that Great
  Britain, France, Russia were now aligned
• Nicknamed the Triple Entente

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Alliance System Prior to WWI

• Triple Alliance

• Triple Entente

• Germany
• Austria-Hungry
• Italy

• France
• Russia
• Britain

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• June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was
  killed by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip,
  age 19, part of the Black Hand in Sarajevo
• Princip only wanted Bosnia to be part of Serbia
  and not the Austria-Hungary Empire
• Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, and a
  tangled web of alliances Everyone was ready for
  an excuse to go to war!

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Declaration of War

• July 28, 1914 Austria Hungry declares war on
  Serbia
• Russian troops begin to mobilize even sent them
  to the German border
• August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia
• August 3, 1914 Germany declares war on France
• Germany sends troops through neutral Belgium to
  reach French territory
• Great Britain declares war on Germany

WORLD WAR I BEGINS!!
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Alliance System During WWI

• Central Powers

• Allies

• Germany
• Austria-Hungry
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria

• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Italy

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The Schlieffen Plan

• Germanys first strike strategy that called for a
  quick sweep through France knocking them out of
  the war so that they could concentrate on
  defeating Russia on the Eastern Front.
• To do this had to invade neutral Belgium which
  brings Britain in the war
• War tech bogs down fighting to stalemate, plan
  fails, Germany fights 2 front war

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Americas Official Position isNEUTRALITY

• Wilson a pacifist
• BUT, U.S. sympathies are with the ALLIES
• A common cultural background with Great Britain
• Historical links with France
• British surpass Germans with propaganda

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AMERICAN ECONOMIC NEUTRALITY, WORLD WAR I
BRITISH BLOCKADE of trade with Central
Powers 2.3 BILLION TO ALLIES
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Military Factors

• German U-Boats (or Unterseeboot)
• Created to get around British blockade
• 1915, German announced they would sink w/out
  warning any ship found in British waters
• Violation of international treaty to protet
  civilian vessels
• Germans claimed that many merchant ships were
  actually war boats in disguise
• Sinking of the LUSITANIA
• British passenger ship carrying American citizens
• Killed 1,200 people including 128 Americans
• American public saw this as terrorism, NOT war
• Wilsons response is a slap on the hand
• Sent diplomatic notes to German govt

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THE SUSSEX PLEDGE

• French passenger ship
• Sunk March 1916
• 25 Americans dead
• Wilson threatens to break all diplomatic
  relations with Germany
• Germany agrees to SUSSEX PLEDGE

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Causes of War The United States

• January 1917
• Zimmerman Telegraph
• Proposed that Mexico ally with Germany should US
  go to war
• Rewarded with lost territory in TX, NM, and AZ
• February 1, 1917
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• February 3 March 21
• Germany sinks 6 US merchant ships without warning
• April 6, 1917

U.S. DECLARES WAR!!
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and the Russians Leave

• March 1917, riots breaking out in Russia
• Czar Nicholas II steps down from the throne
• Temporary govt stepped in
• Primarily moderate
• Unable to handle the major problems, like food
  shortage
• Bolsheviks communist party group
• Overthrew the temporary govt
• Puts Vladimir Lenin in power
• Lenin pulls Russia out of war to concentrate on
  building communist state
• Germany now can focus on a one-front war
• Germany gained territory Ukraine, Polish
  Baltic territories

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SELLING THE WAR TO AMERICA

• CPI, Creel
• 4-Minute Men
• Patriotic songs Over There
• Crusade freedom democracy
• PROPAGANDA!

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MOBILIZATION

• Mobilize preparing troops and supplies and
  getting them to war
• Woefully inadequate troop number
• Approx. 2 million volunteers
• Selective Service Act is instituted
• the Draft (conscription)
• included ages 18-45
• Established local draft boards throughout US
• Approx 2.8 million drafted

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MOBILIZATION

• War Industries Board to direct industrial
  mobilization
• RR Administration Fuel Administration daylight
  savings time
• Food Administration Hoover
• Wheatless Wednesdays
• Victory Gardens
• A major change in the relationship between govt
  and business!

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OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITIES WOMEN

• Wages up, but so is cost of living
• Women
• new opportunities in both factories farms, but
  short-lived
• Do get suffrage finally!
• Blacks the Great Migration
• 500,000 move to North 1914 to 1919
• Leads to brutal race riots in N (Chicago 1917,
  9 whites, 40 blacks dead)
• BUT, do see economic improvement
• In military, serve in segregated units

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MINORITIES IN THE MILITARY

• Blacks
• In military, serve in segregated units
• NOT allowed in Marines
• Manual labor in Army, etc.
• Approx. 400,000 served
• Women
• First war that women could
• serve in military
• No combat duty
• Native Americans
• Approx. 15,000 served
• Non-segregated units
• Scouts, messengers, snipers