Diagnostics/Common Optics: Priorities, Engineering LUSI WBS 1.5

1
Diagnostics/Common Optics Priorities,
Engineering LUSI WBS 1.5

• Yiping Feng DCO Lead Scientist
• Eliazar Ortiz DCO Lead Engineer
• DCO Engineering Staff
• June 03, 2009

2
Acknowledgment

• DCO Engineering Staff
• Tim Montagne
• Profile/wavefront monitor
• Intensity monitor
• Intensity-position monitor
• Harmonic rejection mirror
• Marc Campell
• Attenuator
• X-ray focusing lens
• Richard Jackson
• Slits system
• Pulse picker

3
Outline

• Distribution
• Diagnostics Status
• Profile Monitor
• Profile-Intensity Monitor
• Intensity-Position Monitor
• Common Optics Status
• Slits
• Attenuator Pulse Picker
• X-Ray Focusing Lens
• Summary

4
Components Distribution

• Components locations
• Distributed throughout the XPP, CXI, and XCS
  instruments, including X-ray transport tunnel

MEE
CXI Endstation
X-ray Transport Tunnel
XCS Endstation
Near Experimental Hall
XPP Endstation
Far Experimental Hall
LCLS X-ray FEL
SXR
AMO
5
Components Distribution
Diagnostics/Optics XPP XPP CXI CXI XCS XCS Total
Total Location Total Location Total Location
Profile Monitor 3 1 in Hutch 2 2 in Hutch 3 (combined with Intensity monitor) 3 2 in Hutch 5 1 in Hutch 5 (combined with Intensity monitor) 6 4 in XRT (combined with Intensity monitor) 2 in Hutch 4 (combined with Intensity monitor) 12
Wavefront Monitor -  - 1 Hutch 5 -  - 1
Intensity Monitor 2 Hutch 3 (combined with Profile monitor) 1 Hutch 5 (combined with Profile monitor) 6 4 in XRT (combined with profile monitor) 2 in Hutch 4 (combined with Profile monitor) 9
Intensity-Position Monitor 3 1 in Hutch 2 2 in Hutch 3 2 Hutch 5 6 4 in XRT 2 in Hutch 4 11
X-Ray Focusing Lenses 1 Hutch 3 2  Hutch 5 1 XRT 4
Slit System 3 1 double slit system in Hutch 3 1 single slit system in Hutch 3 1 single slit system in Hutch 2 4 Hutch 5 7 2 double slit systems in XRT 2 single slit systems in XRT 3 single slit systems in Hutch 4 14
Attenuators-Filters 1 Hutch 3 1 XRT 1 Hutch 4 3
Pulse Picker 1 Hutch 3 1 XRT 1 Hutch 4 3
Harmonic Rejection Mirrors 1 Hutch 3 -  - 1 Hutch 4 2
Total 15 15 29 59
6
DCO Overall Status

• An example in XPP

FDR Complete
Intensity-position
Intensity-position
FDR Complete
Intensity/ profile
Intensity/ profile
RFP Sent out
Slits
Slits
Be-focusing lens
FDR in June
Pulse picker /Attenuator
FDR Complete
Harmonic rejection
PDR in June
There are 15 diagnostics/common optics
components in XPP
7
Diagnostics Status

• Profile Intensity Monitor Status
• PM and IM collocated in same chamber when
  applicable
• FDR completed April 2009
• Commonality for all Monitors
• Chamber
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stages
• Same design for wavefront monitor
• w/o intensity monitor
• Attenuation needed

8
Diagnostics Status

• Profile Intensity Monitor Next Steps
• Place orders for vendor items- Started April 09
• Place order for fabricated components June 09
• Test First Articles- July 09
• Update Models and Drawings based on First Article
  tests- August 09
• Order production chamber assembliesDetail Design
  PM and PIMAug 09

9
Diagnostics Status

• Intensity-Position Monitor
• FDR completed April 2009
• Commonality for all Monitors
• Chamber
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stages

4-channel Diode Electronics (Charge sensitive
amplification)
Hollow shaft for cable routing
Be target changer
100 mm travel linear stages with smart motor
Roller Stages
Smart Motor for X-axis motion
LCLS Beam
Be targets
4-Diode Assy. (inclined in y for uniform response)
Brazed chamber
6 DOF Stand
IPM needs calibration in both x y directions
10
Diagnostics Status

• Intensity-Position Monitor Next Steps
• Place orders for vendor items- Started April 09
• Place order for fabricated components June 09
• Test First Articles- July 09
• Update Models and Drawings based on First Article
  tests- August 09
• Order production chamber assemblies
• Detail Design PM and PIMAug 09

11
Common Optics
Double blades configuration (4 sets of blades)

• Slits System
• UHV compatible
• Low-z high-z blades
• Single/Double configurations

High-Z
Low-Z
Pink beam
Single blades configuration (2 sets of blades)
Blades/ blade mounts
High-Z
Mono beam
Rigid Stand w/o DOF
Optical encoder
Blade Form Factor
12
Common Optics Status

• Slits Status
• Purchase Item
• Vendor Evaluation in Process
• Confirmed compatibility with controls
• Added to APP in January
• Performance data from vendor March 09
• Coupling for double assembly configuration will
  be done at SLAC.
• Coupler has been identified
• One has been ordered and received

13
Common Optics Status

• Slits Next Steps
• Secure additional funding- June 09
• Award Contract June 09
• Order Supports June 09
• Detail Assembly Drawings June 09

14
Common Optics Status

• Attenuator-Pulse Picker Status
• Combined attenuator and pulse picker
• Commercial pulse-picker packaged into same
  chamber
• Final Design Review Completed
• Chamber shared with Attenuator
• Test Program
• Blade coating
• PP performance with coated blade
• Shared Design
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stage

15
Common Optics Status

• Attenuator-Pulse PickerNext Steps
• Finalize Blade coating test June 09
• Place orders for vendor items- June 09
• Linear stage
• Motors
• Actuators
• Place Order for fabricated Items- June 09
• Chamber
• 6 DOF alignment stage
• Stage support bracket
• Mirror Filter holders
• Shaft Weldment

16
Common Optics Status

• X-Ray Focusing Lenses Status
• Commonality with Monitors
• Chamber
• 6 DOF Alignment Stands
• Stages
• Final Design Review- June 09

17
Common Optics Status

• X-Ray Focusing Lenses Next Steps
• Order lens holder parts for validation test- May
  09
• Issue award for lenses- Aug 09
• Order other vendor Items- July 09
• Linear Stages
• Motors

B. Lengeler et al., J. Synchrotron Rad., 6,
1153-1167 (1999).
18
Summary

• Scope of DCO components for XPP, CXI, and XCS
  instruments has not changed significantly since
  CD-02
• The design of key diagnostics devices and optical
  components is mature and based on proven
  developments
• at synchrotron sources worldwide
• by XTOD and LCLS e-beam groups
• No major risks associated with the design or
  procurement of the DCO components
• Bought components (slits) are off the shelf
  items
• Assembly components (CCD cameras, zoom lens,
  actuators, connectors) are commercially made with
  known performance
• In-house electronics design are based on proven
  technology and implementations
• ARRA bureaucratic strings could delay awarding
  contracts
• DCO is on track to support early science!

19
Backup
20
Overview

• DCO will provide to all LUSI instruments
• Common diagnostics for measuring FEL properties
• Transverse beam profile
• Incident beam intensity
• Beam positions and pointing
• Wavefield measurement at focus
• Common Optical components for performing FEL
  manipulations
• Beam size definition and clean-up
• Attenuation
• Pulse pattern selection and/or repetition rate
  reduction
• Isolation of fundamental from high order
  harmonics
• Focusing
• Monochromatization

Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
21
DCO CD-2 Scope

• DCO suites

Diagnostics suite
Pop-in Profile/Wavefront Monitor
Pop-in Intensity Monitor
Intensity-Position Monitor
Common Optics suite
Offset Monochromator (XCS only)
X-ray Focusing Lenses (XPP XCS only)
Slits System
Attenuators
Pulse Picker
Harmonic Rejection Mirrors (XPP XCS only)
Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
22
Global Physics Requirements

• Physics requirements remained same as CD-2 and
  were based on characteristics of LCLS FEL
• Ultra short pulses 100 fs, and rep. rate of 120
  Hz
• Pulse energy 2 mJ, peak power 20 GW, ave. power
  .24 W
• Fully coherent in transverse directions
  expected to be predominantly TEM00
• Exhibiting intrinsic intensity, temporal,
  spatial, timing fluctuations on per-pulse basis,
  i.e.,

LCLS Expected Fluctuations LCLS Expected Fluctuations
Pulse intensity fluctuations 30 (in contrast to synchrotron where fluctuation is Poisson limited)
Position pointing jitter (x, y, a, b) 10 of beam diameter 10 of beam divergence
Source point jitter (z) 5 m (leads to variations in apparent source size, or focal point location if focused)

• Higher order Laguerre-Gaussian modes possible but
  negligible
• FEL amplification process based on SASE from
  noise

23
Challenges Addressed

• Scientific/technical challenges that were
  addressed
• Sustaining the instantaneous LCLS X-ray FEL peak
  power
• Exercising careful material selection
• Filters, scattering target, slits materials,
  focusing lens, beam stop etc.
• Based on thermal calculations including melting
  threshold and onset of thermal fatigue limited
  experimental data from FLASH
• But no active cooling necessary
• Providing coherent beam manipulation
• Minimizing wavefront distortion/coherence
  degradation
• Filters, scattering target, slits, focusing lens
• Reducing surface roughness and bulk
  non-uniformities
• Minimizing diffraction effects
• i.e., utilizing cylindrical blades for slits

24
Challenges Addressed

• Scientific/technical challenges that were
  addressed
• Detecting ultra-fast signals
• Extracting electrical signals in ns to minimize
  dark current contribution
• i.e., charge-sensitive detection using diodes
• Making per-pulse measurement if required
• Each pulse is different
• Averaging over pulses may NOT be an option,
  requiring sufficiently high S/N ratio for each
  pulse
• i.e., high-precision intensity measurements at lt
  0.1 based on single pulses, requiring larger raw
  signal than synchrotron cases

25
Pop-in Profile Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.1)

• Purposes
• Aid in alignment of X-ray optics
• FEL is serial operation, automation enables
  maximum productivity
• Characterization of X-ray beam spatial profile
• FEL spatial mode structure
• Effects of optics on fully coherent FEL beam
• Characterization of X-ray beam transverse spatial
  jitter
• FEL beam exhibits intrinsic spatial fluctuations
• Implementation
• X-ray scintillation
• 50-75 mm thin YAGCe single crystal scintillator
• Optical imaging
• Capable of diffraction limited resolution if
  required
• Normal incidence geometry w/ 45º mirror
• Motorized zoom lens
• 120 Hz optical CCD camera

• Requirements
• Destructive Retractable
• Variable FOV and resolution
• At 50 mm resolution, 12x12 mm2 FOV
• At 4 mm resolution, 1x1 mm2 FOV
• Capable of per-pulse op. _at_ 120 Hz if required
• Attenuation used if necessary

26
Pop-in Intensity Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.2)

• Purposes
• Aid in alignment of X-ray optics
• FEL is serial operation, automation enables
  maximum productivity
• Simple point detector for physics measurements
• In cases where 2D X-ray detector is not suitable
• Implementation
• Direct X-ray detection using Si diodes
• Advantageous in cases of working w/ spontaneous
  or mono beams
• Capable of high quantum efficiency (gt 90 at 8.3
  keV)
• 100 500 mm depletion thickness
• Using charge sensitive amplification
• Applicable to pulsed FEL
• Commercially available
• Large working area (catch-all) easily available
  simplifying alignment procedure

• Requirements
• Destructive Retractable
• Relative accuracy lt 1
• Working dynamic range 100
• Large sensor area 20x20 mm2
• Per-pulse op. _at_ 120 Hz
• Attenuation used if necessary

27
Intensity-Position Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.3)

• Purposes
• Allow precise measurement of the intensity for
  normalization
• Critical to experiments where signal from
  underlying physics is very small
• Characterization of FEL fluctuations
• Positional jitter 10 of beam size
• Pointing jitter 10 of beam divergence
• Slitting beam down creates diffraction which may
  cause undesirable effects
• Implementation
• Based on back scattering from thin-foil
• Detecting both Compton scattering Thomson
  scattering
• Using Low-z (beryllium) for low attenuation
  especially at low X-ray energies
• Using Si diode detectors
• Array sensors for position measurement
• Pointing measurement using 2 or more monitors

• Requirements
• In-situ, retractable if necessary
• Highly transmissive (gt 95)
• Relative accuracy lt 0.1
• Working dynamic range 1000
• Position accuracy in xy lt 10 mm
• Per-pulse op. at 120 Hz

28
Wavefront Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.1)in lieu of
wavefront sensor

• Purposes
• Wavefront characterization of focused X-ray beam
  at focal point
• Wavefront measurement at focal point is not
  feasible by conventional methods due to damages
• Providing supplemental scattering data in low Q
  w/ high resolution
• Resolution obtained using X-ray direct detection
  is limited by detector technology, i.e., pixel
  sizes and per-pixel dynamic range
• Implementation
• X-ray scintillation
• 50-75 mm thin YAGCe single crystal scintillator
• Optical imaging
• Capable of diffraction limited resolution if
  required
• Using computational algorithm for reconstruction
  of wavefield at focus
• Iterative, post processing only if no large
  computer farm

• Requirements
• In-situ Retractable
• Variable FOV and resolution
• At 50 mm resolution,12x12 mm2 FOV
• At 4 mm resolution, 1x1 mm2 FOV
• Per-pulse op. _at_ 120 Hz
• Attenuation used if necessary

29
X-ray Focusing Lenses (WBS 1.5.3.2)

• Purposes
• Increase the X-ray fluence at the sample
• Produce small spot size in cases where slits do
  not work due to diffraction,
• i.e., sample too far from slits
• Implementation
• Based on refractive lenses concept
• Concave shape due to X-ray refractive index
  1-dib
• Using Beryllium to minimize attenuation
• In-line focus
• Simpler than KB systems
• no diff. orders as in Fresnel lens
• Chromatic
• Con re-positioning of focal point
• Pro Providing harmonic isolation if aperture
  used
• Some attenuation at very low X-ray energies 2
  keV

• Requirements
• Produce variable spot size
• For XPP instrument
• 2-10 mm in focus
• 40-60 mm out-of-focus
• Minimize wavefront distortion and coherence
  degradation
• Withstand FEL full flux

B. Lengeler, et al, J. Synchrotron Rad. (1999).
6, 1153-1167
30
Slits System (WBS 1.5.3.3)

• Purposes
• define beam transverse sizes
• Pink and mono beam
• Clean up scatterings (halo) around beam perimeter
• Implementation
• Based on cylindrical blades concept
• Minimize scattering from edges and external total
  reflections
• Offset in Z to allow fully closing
• Using single or double configurations for pink or
  mono beam applications
• Single configuration
• Blade material Si3N4 to stop low energies
• Or blade material Ta/W alloy to stop low fluence
  low or high energies
• Double configuration
• 1st blades Si3N4, 2nd blades Ta/W alloy to stop
  low and high energies

• Requirements
• Repeatability in xy lt 2 mm
• 0 10 mm gap setting
• 10-9 in transmission from 2-8.3keV
• 10-8 in transmission at 25 keV
• Minimize diffraction/wavefront distortion
• Withstand FEL full flux

D. Le Bolloch, et al, J. Synchrotron Rad.
(2002). 9, 258-265
31
Attenuator/Filters (WBS 1.5.3.4)

• Purposes
• Reduce incident X-ray flux
• Sample damage
• Detector saturation
• Diagnostic saturation
• Alignment of optics and diagnostics
• Implementation
• Using Si wafers of various thicknesses
• Highly polished to minimize wavefront distortion
  coherence degradation
• For a given attenuation, use one wafer whenever
  possible
• Commercially available (lt 1 nm rms roughness)
• For energies lt 6 keV in NEH-3 and in pink beam
• Employing a pre-attenuator, i.e., LCLS XTOD
  gas/solid attenuators

• Requirements
• 108 attenuation at 8.3 keV
• 104 attenuation at 24.9 keV
• 3 steps per decade for gt 6 keV
• Minimize wavefront distortion and coherence
  degradation
• Withstand unfocused flux

32
Pulse Picker (WBS 1.5.3.5)

• Purposes
• Select a single pulse or any sequence of pulses
• Reduce LCLS repetition rate
• Important if longer sample recover time is needed
• Damage experiments - sample needs to be
  translated
• Implementation
• Based on a commercial mechanical teeter-totter
• Steel blade fully stops beam
• Capable of ms transient time
• Simple to operate
• Use TTL pulses
• Requires 100 mm Si3N4 to protect the steel blade

• Requirements
• lt 3 ms switching time
• lt 8 ms in close/open cycle time
• Only for lt 10 Hz operation
• Withstand full LCLS flux

http//www.azsol.ch/
33
Harmonic Rejection Mirrors (WBS 1.5.3.6)

• Purposes
• Provide isolation of FEL fundamental from high
  harmonics
• LUSI detectors not designed to be energy resolved
• Implementation
• Low pass filter using X-ray mirrors at grazing
  incidence
• Using highly polished Si single crystal
  substrates
• 3.5 mrad incidence angle
• 300 mm long
• No pre-figure, no bender
• Figure-error specs defined to ensure FEL natural
  divergence not effected
• R 150 km
• Roughness specs to minimize wavefront distortion
  and coherence degradation
• rms 0.1 nm

• Requirements
• Energy range 6-8.265 keV
• 104 contrast ratio between fundamental and the
  3rd harmonic
• 80 overall throughput for fundamental
• Minimize wavefront distortion
• Withstand full FEL flux

34
DCO Integration into Instruments

• XPP Instrument

Intensity-position
Intensity-position
Intensity/ profile
Intensity/ profile
Slits
Slits
Be-focusing lens
Pulse picker /Attenuator
Harmonic rejection
There are 15 diagnostics/common optics
components in XPP
35
DCO Scope

• Work Breakdown Structure

Scope/CD-2 Includes
Physics support engineering integration (WBS. 1.5.1)
Diagnostics (WBS 1.5.2)
Pop-in Profile/Wavefront Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.1)
Pop-in Intensity Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.2)
Intensity-Position Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.3)
Common Optics (WBS 1.5.3)
Offset Monochromator (WBS 1.5.3.1)
X-ray Focusing Lenses (WBS 1.5.3.2)
Slits System (WBS 1.5.3.3)
Attenuators (WBS 1.5.3.4)
Pulse Picker (WBS 1.5.3.5)
Harmonic Rejection Mirrors (WBS 1.5.3.6)
Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
36
Device/Component Counts

• Total device/component counts

Diagnostics/Optics XPP CXI XCS Total
Pop-in Profiler/ Wavefront Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.1) 3 2 6 11
Pop-in Profiler/ Wavefront Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.1) 1 1
Pop-in Intensity Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.2) 2 2 6 10
Intensity-Position Monitor (WBS 1.5.2.3) 3 2 6 11
Offset Monochromator (WBS 1.5.3.1) 1 1
X-Ray Focusing Lenses (WBS 1.5.3.2) 1 2 1 4
Slits System (WBS 1.5.3.3) 3 4 7 14
Attenuators/Filters (WBS 1.5.3.4) 1 1 1 3
Pulse Picker (WBS 1.5.3.5) 1 1 1 3
Harmonic Rejection Mirrors (WBS 1.5.3.6) 1 1 2
Total 15 15 30 60
Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
37
Progress Since CD-2

• DCO progress

Diagnostics/Optics CD-2 (Aug. 08) CD-2 status (Apr. 09)
Pop-in Profiler/ Wavefront Monitor PRD release FDR complete
Pop-in Profiler/ Wavefront Monitor PRD release FDR in May
Pop-in Intensity Monitor PRD release FDR complete
Intensity-Position Monitor PRD release FDR complete
Offset Monochromator PRD in work APR on Apr. 23
X-Ray Focusing Lenses PRD release PDR complete
Slits System PRD release RFP sent
Attenuators/Filters PRD release FDR complete
Pulse Picker PRD release FDR complete
Harmonic Rejection Mirrors PRD release PDR in June
Engineering of mono is now managed by the XCS
team
38
Cost
36
64
39
Cost Schedule Performance WBS 1.5
40
Project Critical Path

• DCO has one design effort and multiple
  procurements to support the Instrument
  requirements.
• The project is monitoring strings of activities
  with the least float
• Items on the critical path are
• XFLS Procurement Preps (14 day float, start May
  2010)
• HRM Procurement Preps (19 day float, start Oct
  2010)
• Activities to monitor from falling on the
  critical path
• Check and Approve Dwgs PP (24 day float, start
  May 09)
• PP procurement preps XPP (24 day float, start
  June 09)

41
Major Milestones
42
Procurement Schedule