Psychological Disorders

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY

• Psychological Disorders
• L. Gonzalez
• Create a Time Line Chart
• BC, AD, Century, Now

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Set Up Time Line
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Historical Perspectives on Abnormal behavior

• The Ancient World
• China (200 BC) Chung Ching stated that both organ
  pathologies stressful psychological situations
  were causes of mental disorders.
• Greece
• Hippocrates (377-460 BC) believed mental illness
  was the result of natural, as opposed to
  supernatural, causes.
• Galen (130-200 AD) divided the causes of mental
  disorders into physical and psychological
  explanations.

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Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)

• Islamic countries- a. mental hospitals were
  established (792 AD)b. Persian doctor Sina wrote
  the Canon of Medicine(medications).
• Europe abnormal behavior was most frequently
  viewed as demonic possession.
• treatment entailed prayer exorcism.

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The Renaissance AD

• Spanish nun Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)
  established the conceptual framework that the
  mind can be sick.
• Both Johann Weyer (1515-1588) of Germany and Scot
  (1538-1599) of England used scientific skepticism
  to refute the concept of demonic possession.

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Humanitarian Reforms (18th-19th century)

• In France, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) pioneered a
  compassionate medical model for the treatment of
  the mentally ill established a hospital in
  Paris.
• In England, William Tuke (1732-1822) introduced
  trained nurses for the mentally ill helped to
  change public attitudes regarding their
  treatment.
• In US, Benjamin rush (1745-1813) founder of
  American Psychiatry, encouraged humane treatment
  of the mentally ill hospitals.

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Scientific Advances of the 20th Century

• Development in technology such as MRI and PET
  scans have added to our knowledge of the
  biological bases of psychological disorder.
• MRI PET
• Development in pscycho-pharmacology have provided
  effective treatment for many psychological
  disorder.

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Article Nearly 500,000 -- mentally ill men and
women are serving time in U.S. jails and prisons.

• Paraphrase on your own

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Abnormal Behaviors Perspectives Diagnoses
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Abnormal Behavior Definition

• The behavior that is disturbing (socially
  unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or
  self-defeating), and often the result of
  distorted thoughts (cognitions).

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Videos Set up your notes

• Definitions of Disorders-What does it mean?
• Rosenhans Experiment-What did it entail?
• Evolution of the DSM What is it?
• 5 AXES Write examples for each
• 1. Clinical Disorders
• 2. Intellectual Disabilities Personality
  Disorders
• 3. Medical conditions and physical disorders
• 4. Social Environmental Factors
• 5. The Global Assessment of Functioning

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Frontline Documentary

• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video/flv/
  generic.html?sfrol02s496q73continuous1

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Behavior Disorders Perspectives

• Create Chart on back of time-line

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Create Perspective Chart

• Perspective
• Explanation
• Treatment
• Example
• Illustration

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Medical Perspective

• Explanation
• Focus on biological and physiological factors as
  causes of abnormal behavior .
• Treated as a disease, or mental illness, and is
  diagnosed through symptoms and cured through
  treatment.
• Treatment Hospitalization and drugs are often
  preferred methods of treatment rather than
  psychological investigation.
• Example Schizophrenia needs medication to quiet
  voices, hallucinations and level dopamine.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

• Explanation Evolved from Freudian psychoanalytic
  theory, which contends that psychological
  disorders are the consequence of anxiety produced
  by unresolved, unconscious conflicts(childhood).
• Treatment focuses on identification and
  resolution of the conflicts.
• Example Child neglected, no love will grow up to
  not love him/herself or others

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Behavioral/Learning Perspective

• Explanation Results from faulty or ineffective
  learning and conditioning.
• Treatments are designed to reshape disordered
  behavior and, using traditional learning
  procedures, to teach new, more appropriate, and
  more adaptive responses.
• For example, a behavioral analysis of a case of
  child abuse might suggest that a father abuses
  his children because he learned the abusive
  behavior from his father and must now learn more
  appropriate parenting tactics

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Cognitive Perspective

• Explanation People engage in abnormal behavior
  because of particular thoughts and behaviors that
  are often based upon their false assumptions.
  This is how the information is being decoded and
  retrieved (interpreted or memory issues).
• Treatments are oriented toward helping the
  maladjusted individual develop new thought
  processes and new values.
• Therapy is a process of unlearning maladaptive
  habits and replacing them with more useful ones.
• Example Anger issues from low road to high road

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Social-Cultural Perspective

• Explain Abnormal behavior is learned within a
  social context ranging from the family, to the
  community, to the culture.
• Treatment Introducing and teaching the
  individual about in abnormal behavior within the
  culture by comparing and contrasting.
• Example Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are
  psychological disorders found mostly in Western
  cultures, which value the thin female body

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Biological Perspective

• Views abnormal behavior as arising from a
  physical cause, such as genetic inheritance,
  biochemical abnormalities or imbalances,
  structural abnormalities within the brain, and/or
  infections
• Agrees that physical causes are of central
  importance but also recognizes the influence of
  biological, psychological, and social factors in
  the study, identification, and treatment of
  psychological disorders

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Bio-Psych-Social Perspective

• States Psychologists contend that ALL behavior,
  whether called normal or disordered arises from
  the interaction of nature and nurture.
• The bio-psycho-social perspective is a
  contemporary perspective which assumes that
  biological, sociocultural, and psychological
  factors combine and interact to produce
  psychological disorders.

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Frontline Documentary Part 2 3
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Abnormal Behavior Disorders pairs of 3/computer
lab Wednesday-Turn in outline/present Friday to
peers

1. What is the disorder?
2. Explain the disorder.
3. What causes it? (age)
4. Symptoms
5. Treatment
6. An example of a case with someone having the
   disorder
7. Common or not?

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Mood Disorders-Bipolar

• PET scans show that brain energy consumption
  rises and falls with emotional swings

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Anxiety Disorders

• PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/
  Compulsive disorder
• High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe
  areas involved with directing attention

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Psychological Disorders- Etiology

• DSM-IV
• American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth
  Edition)
• a widely used system for classifying
  psychological disorders
• Hand out

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Take out disorder sheet

• add Borderline Personality disorder

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Mental disorders
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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia
• literal translation split mind
• a group of severe disorders characterized by
• disorganized and delusional thinking
• disturbed perceptions
• inappropriate emotions and actions

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Schizophrenia

• Delusions
• false beliefs, often of torture or greatness,
  that may accompany psychotic disorders
• Hallucinations
• false sensory experiences such as seeing
  something without any external visual stimulus

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Test next class period

• A few more points to consider for the

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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Psychological Disorders- Etiology

• Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now)
• usually distressing but that allows one to think
  rationally and function socially
• Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of
  dealing with anxiety
• Psychotic disorder
• person loses contact with reality
• experiences irrational ideas and distorted
  perceptions

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Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety Disorders
• distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive
  behaviors that reduce anxiety
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of
  autonomic nervous system arousal
• Phobia
• persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
  or situation

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Anxiety Disorders

• Common and uncommon fears

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Anxiety Disorders

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts
  (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
• Panic Disorder
• marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread
  in which a person experiences terror and
  accompanying chest pain, choking, or other
  frightening sensation

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Anxiety Disorders
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Mood Disorders

• Mood Disorders
• characterized by emotional extremes
• Major Depressive Disorder
• a mood disorder in which a person, for no
  apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of
  depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and
  diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Mood Disorders

• Manic Episode
• a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly
  optimistic state
• Bipolar Disorder
• a mood disorder in which the person alternates
  between the hopelessness and lethargy of
  depression and the overexcited state of mania
• formerly called manic-depressive disorder

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Mood Disorders-Depression
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Mood Disorders-Depression
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Mood Disorders- Suicide
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Mood Disorders-Suicide

• Increasing rates of teen suicide

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• Altering any one component of the
  chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the
  others

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• A happy or depressed mood strongly influences
  peoples ratings of their own behavior

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at
  any point

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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Disorders
• conscious awareness becomes separated
  (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts,
  and feelings
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• rare dissociative disorder in which a person
  exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
  personalities
• formerly called multiple personality disorder

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Personality Disorders

• Personality Disorders
• disorders characterized by inflexible and
  enduring behavior patterns that impair social
  functioning
• usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

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Personality Disorders

• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• disorder in which the person (usually man)
  exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,
  even toward friends and family members
• may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
  artist

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Personality Disorders

• PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a
  murderers frontal cortex

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Personality Disorders
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Rates of Psychological Disorders