FET Environmental Primer Air Regulations: Permitting Basics

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FET Environmental Primer Air Regulations
Permitting Basics

• Steven Klafka, P.E.
• Wingra Engineering, S.C.
• Madison, Wisconsin
• www.wingraengineering.com

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Air Quality Permit Overview

• WDNR responsible for permit issuance
• USEPA oversight
• Construction permits for new sources
• Operation permits for existing sources

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Air Pollution Sources

• Operations Issued Air Quality Permits
• Stationary - Process or Point
• Stationary - Factory or Facility
• Portable - Asphalt Plant
• Indirect - Parking Lots and Highways
• Not Issued Air Quality Permits
• Area - Small Boilers, Wildfires
• Mobile - Cars, Trucks, Busses
• Off Road Lawn mowers, Snowmobiles

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Wisconsin VOC Emissions
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Air Pollution Sources Issued Permits

• Burning of fuels or wastes.
• Conveying or handling of dusty materials like
  sand, wood shavings, etc.
• Evaporation of solvents from painting, printing,
  cleaning, gluing, storage, etc.
• Chemical processing and reactions.

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Types of Emission Estimates

• MTE or Uncontrolled Need for Permit
• Full capacity 8,760 hrs/yr 0 collection
• Potential Determines Compliance
• Full capacity 8,760 hrs/yr Required
• Actual Reported for Annual Fees
• Actual capacity, hrs/yr and collection

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Sample Permit Calculations 1

• Shotblasting Operation with 99 Efficient
  Baghouse
• Capacity 2 tons per hour of metal
• USEPA Emission Factor 17 lbs TSP/ton of metal
• Applicable Discharge Limit NR 415.05(2) 3.59
  P 0.62
• Comparison with General Permit Exemption
  Thresholds
• MTE 2 tph x 17 lbs of TSP/ton 34 lbs of
  TSP/hr
• gt 5.7 lbs TSP/hr, NR 406 construction permit
  required
• Actual 34 lbs/hr x (1 0.99) 0.34 lbs TSP/hr
• Potential 3.59 (2) 0.62 5.5 lbs TSP/hr

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Types of Emission Estimates
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CONSTRUCTION PERMITS

• Must be issued prior to construction or
  modification of regulated sources.
• NR 406 - Exemptions and Schedules
• NR 405 - PSD rules for Large Projects
• NR 410 Fees
• NR 411 Parking Lots and Roads
• NR 150 Environmental Assessment EIS

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Types of Specific Exemptions

• Natural gas-fired boilers lt 25 mmbtu/hr
• Wood-fired boilers lt 5 mmbtu/hr
• Paint/ink usage lt 1,666 lbs VOC/month
• VOC storage tanks lt 10,000 gallons
• Emergency generators lt 3,000 kilowatts
• Each state has own specific exemptions.

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Types of General Exemptions

• Uncontrolled emissions lt all permit thresholds
• 5.7 lbs/hr of total suspended particles (TSP)
• 3.4 lbs/hr of particles lt 10 microns (PM10)
• 9.0 lbs/hr of sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• 9.0 lbs/hr of nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Thresholds for gt500 air toxics under NR 445
• Use specific exemption first, then general.

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Sample Permit Calculations 2

• Paint Spray Booth with 95 Efficient Filters
• Actual paint usage 600 gallons per month
• Maximum paint usage 1.5 gallons per hour
• Maximum VOC content 3.5 lbs VOC per gallon
• Maximum solids content 6.0 lbs solids per
  gallon
• Spray gun transfer efficiency 70
• Comparison with Specific Permit Exemption
  Thresholds
• Actual 600 gpm x 3.5 lbs/gal 2,100 lbs/month
  VOC
• gt 1,666 lbs of VOC/month exemption threshold

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Sample Permit Calculations 2

• Comparison with General Permit Exemption
  Thresholds
• VOC Emission Estimate
• MTE 1.5 gph x 3.5 lbs/gal 5.3 lbs/hr
• lt 5.7 lbs/hr general exemption threshold for VOC
• PM10 Emission Estimate
• MTE 1.5 gph x 6.0 lbs/gal x (1 - 0.7) 2.7
  lbs/hr
• lt 3.4 lbs/hr general exemption threshold for PM10
• ConclusionNo NR 406 construction permit is
  required based on the general permit exemption
  thresholds.

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Schedule and Fees

• Permit issuance within 2 to 12 months.
• 30-day public comment period.
• Public hearing if requested by public or
  applicant.
• 1,350 initial application fee
• 2,300 to 85,000 permit issuance fee
• NR 438 annual emission fee (35/ton)

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Criteria for Permit Approval

• Comply with emission limitations.
• Comply with air quality standards using
  dispersion modeling analysis.
• Standards include the NR 404 National Ambient Air
  Quality Standards or NR 445 Acceptable Air
  Concentrations for hazardous air pollutants.
• Comply with current policies.

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Typical Permit Schedule

• Week 1 Submit application to DNR
• Week 5 Receive DNR request for information.
• Week 7 Respond to request for information.
• Week 11 DNR issues draft permit and PD.
• Week 12 Publish notice for public comments.
• Week 16 Public comment period ends.
• Week 18 DNR issues final permit and invoice.

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Expedited Permit Issuance

• Pre-application meeting with DNR.
• Submit a complete application.
• Anticipate DNR application review needs.
• Provide emission calculations.
• Comply with applicable requirements.
• Conduct DNR modeling risk analyses.
• Prepare environmental assessment.
• Anticipate public involvement.

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Recent Air Permit Enforcement

• 45,000 Failure to obtain permit.
• 45,600 Exceeded emission limits.
• 60,000 Failure to maintain records.
• 65,000 Failure to obtain permit.
• 71,820 Failure to maintain records.
• 86,450 Failure to raise stack.
• http//www.doj.state.wi.us/dls/environpro/news/

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Keys to Successful Air Permits

• Stay involved in review process.
• Review preliminary permit prior to official
  draft permit.
• Anticipate future production needs and provide
  flexibility in permit.
• Minimize unnecessary requirements.

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PSD Rules Add Complexity

• NR405-Prevention of Significant Deterioration
• Applies to new large sources
• Applies to modifications of large sources
• Additional permit issuance time
• Best Available Control Techology or BACT
• Pre-construction ambient monitoring
• Dispersion modeling for increments NAAQS
• Visibility, growth and vegetation analyses

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PSD Thresholds (tons/year)
Air Pollutant New Plant Modification
PM10 100/250 15
SO2 100/250 40
NOx 100/250 40
CO 100/250 100
VOC 100/250 40
Pb 100/250 0.6
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PSD Avoidance

• PSD rules uses potential emissions.
• Permit restrictions on capacity,operating hours,
  or collection are considered.
• PSD avoided to save permit issuance complexity or
  processing time, or eliminate control
  requirements.
• Balance restrictions and future growth.

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Anatomy of an Air Permit

• Description of source or process.
• Emission limitations.
• Wis. Adm. Code citations.
• Record keeping requirements.
• Monitoring requirements.
• Testing and certification requirements.
• Reporting requirements.

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Sample Air Permit
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Construction Permit References

• Jeff Hanson, Construction Permit Leader
  hansojc_at_dnr.state.us and [phone]
• Regional DNR Office Air Staff
• Air Permit Web Site
• http//www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/air/reg/regs.
  htm
• Provides application forms, instructions,
  issued and pending construction permits, and
  modeling guidance.
• Application Forms Instructions
• ftp//www.dnr.state.wi.us/DAW/AM/permits/AppForms/
  
• Issued Pending Operation Permits
• ftp//www.dnr.state.wi.us/DAW/AM/permits/OpPermit/
  PmtDocs/

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OPERATION PERMITS

• Application must be filed for existing regulated
  sources or prior to expiration of construction
  permits.
• Title V of 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
  (Congress)
• 40 CFR Part 70 (USEPA)
• NR 407 - Exemptions Schedules (WI)

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Processes included in Permit

• Similar exemption thresholds as provided for
  construction permits.
• Includes processes which require a construction
  permit if built today.
• Includes minor processes which exceed NR 407
  Table 2 inclusion thresholds (i.e. 2,000 lbs/yr).

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Types of Operation Permits

• FOP or Title V or Part 70 Permit
• 100 TPY PM, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, Pb, Lower TPY for
  VOC if located in ozone nonattainment area (SE
  Wisconsin)
• 10 TPY Federal Air Toxic or 25 TPY Combined Air
  Toxics
• Subject to most thorough review and compliance
  demonstration.
• Subject to MACT, if available.
• All applications for existing WI sources were due
  by 1995.

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Types of Operation Permits Contd

• Federally Enforceable Synthetic Minor Permit
• Limits potential emissions by using operating
  hours or production restrictions to remain below
  thresholds.
• Avoids MACT or other FOP requirements.
• All WI applications were due by 1995.
• Balance FESOP restrictions and future growth.

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Types of Operation Permits Contd

• SOP State Only Permit
• Required by state not federal rules.
• Potential emissions less than FOP thresholds
  (i.e. 100 TPY)
• Only annual compliance reports.
• All applications for existing WI sources were due
  by 1998.

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Types of Operation Permits Contd

• Applications for all existing sources in
  Wisconsin have been submitted to DNR.
• Construction permits for new or modified
  processes are replaced with operation permits
  prior to expiration or incorporated into the
  facility-wide operation permit.

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Operation Permit References

• Keith Pierce, Operation Permit Leader
  pierck_at_dnr.state.us and [phone]
• Regional DNR Office Air Staff
• DNR Air Permit Web Site
• http//www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/air/reg/regs
  .htm
• Provides application forms, instructions,
  issued and pending operation permits, permit
  application software.
• USEPA MACT Web Site
• http//www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/eparules.html

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Air Permits in a Nutshell

• NR 406 construction permits required prior to the
  start of construction or modification.
• NR 407 operation permits are for existing
  processes, or replace construction permits.
• Review permits thoroughly before issuance to
  assure accuracy and flexibility.