Feedstuff Analysis

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Feedstuff Analysis

• Chris Ellason

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Feedstuff Analysis

• Feed Sampling
• Proximate Analysis
• Dry matter
• Ash
• Crude Protein
• Ether Extract
• Crude Fiber
• NFE

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Detergent Method

• NDF - cell wall components
• cellulose
• hemicellulose
• lignin
• silica
• heat damaged protein

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Detergent Method

• ADF - Acid Detergent Fiber
• lignocellulose
• NDF used to predict gut fill and intake
• ADF used to predict digestibility
• ADIN - acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

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Know the Form of the Numbers

• Dry Matter Basis
• As-fed Basis
• Air-dry Basis

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Energy Measurements

• Gross Energy - GE
• total potential energy of a feedstuff
• determined by bomb calorimeter
• Fecal Energy - FE
• Energy from undigested feed and other components
  of feces
• Determined by bomb calorimeter

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Energy Measurements

• Digestible Energy - DE
• GE - FE
• Gaseous Products of Digestion - GPD
• combustible gasses that escape during digestion
• mainly methane, traces of H, CO, H2S
• Urinary Energy - UE
• loss of spent metabolites and energy through urine

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Energy Measures

• Metabolizable Energy - ME
• referred to as usable portion of ingested energy
• DE - UE - GPD ME
• Heat Increment - HI
• heat derived from metabolism or fermentation of
  feedstuffs

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Detergent Method

• Energy
• NEm
• NEg
• NEl
• These values are calculated from ADF and NDF

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Net Energy - NE

• Net Energy computed by ME - HI
• Includes the amount of energy used for
  maintenance plus some production component
• NEM
• amount of energy expended to maintain energy
  equilibrium

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Net Energy

• NEM
• basal metabolism
• energy of voluntary activity
• warming of body
• cooling of body
• Net Energy for some production function

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Energy Measurements
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Common Feeds

• Carbonaceous Concentrates
• High in Energy
• Low in fiber
• Low in Protein
• Variable in protein quality
• fair in P
• low in Ca

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Concentrates

• Corn
• high energy
• 8 - 9 CP
• Low in Lysine
• Sorghum Grain
• Must be processed
• lower in energy than corn
• higher in CP than corn

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Concentrates

• Oats
• 75 - 85 energy of corn
• very palatable
• higher in fiber than corn
• Beet Pulp
• Molasses

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Concentrates

• Citrus Pulp
• Animal Fat
• Cookie Meal

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Protein Feeds

• Soybean meal
• low in Ca
• most complete in energy and protein
• Cottonseed meal
• Peanut Meal

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High Moisture Feedstuffs

• Green Chop - forage chopped in the field and fed
  without further processing
• Silage - forage cut wet and put through
  controlled fermentation

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Vitamins and Minerals

• Add Vitamins to assure adequate amounts
• Mineral supplementation
• all minerals are not created equal
• greater absorption of sulfates over oxides
• example CuS vs CuO

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Feed Additives

• Antibiotics
• Chlortetracycline
• AS700
• Growth Stimulants
• ionophores - Bovatec, Rumensin
• Others
• MGA - used to stop heat

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Problems Associated with Grain Feeding
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Non Ruminants

• Enteritis
• Characterized by inflammation of stomach and
  possibly SI
• Antibiotics in starter rations can control this
  to some degree
• Dietary changes, erratic feed intake and weaning
  stress
• Also grain overload or highly fermentable feeds

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Non Ruminants

• Laminitis (founder)
• Inflammation of the laminae
• Typically a result of poor grain/fiber balance
• Excessive grain consumption results in excessive
  lactic acid production

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Ruminants

• Enterotoxemia over eating disease
• Increase in clostridial organisms
• Severe kidney damage and pin-point hemorrhages in
  intestine
• Clostridial vaccination

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Ruminants

• Lactic acidosis grain overload
• Overgrowth of bacteria which prefer lower pH
  environment
• These are the starch digesting bacteria
• As they increase pH drops further
• Primarily due to their production of lactic acid

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Ruminants

• If unchecked acids can be absorbed into the
  bloodstream resulting in metabolic acidosis
• Endotoxins and histamine can result in founder
• Liver abcesses
• Acidosis can occur in either acute or chronic form

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Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

• Primarily caused by over eating grain
• Organism in grain causes ruminal production of
  Thiaminase
• Causes an acute thiamin deficiency
• Other PEMs can occur by intakes of high sulfate
  water or feed
• This type is not responsive to thiamin treatment

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What to watch for

• Dairies low butterfat
• Humping of back
• Kicking at stomach
• Altered intake
• Fever

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What to watch for

• Gut sounds and motility
• Rumen pH
• Cud chewing
• Feed sorting
• Hoof problems (softening, white line, sole
  abcesses)
• General unhealthy appearance (eyes, ears etc.)