MR. LIPMAN

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MR. LIPMANS APUS POWERPOINT FOR CHAPTER 12

• The war of 1812 and the Push Towards Nationalism

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Themes of the Chapter

• War of 1812
• Hartford Convention
• Nationalism / Era of Good Feelings
• American System
• Missouri Compromise
• Supreme Court expands power of Fed Govt
• U.S. Land Expansion Monroe Doctrine

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(No Transcript)
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War On to Canada. The Three U.S. Invasions of
1812 all fail
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• US Navy during the war of 1812
• US had fewer, but better ships
• US had several important ships (especially the
  Constitution Old Ironsides) with thick sides
  and better guns than Britain
• Admiral Perry will secure control of the Great
  Lakes in 1813 battle on Lake Erie. We have met
  the enemy and they are ours

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• In 1814 Napoleon losses in Europe thus allowing
  Britain to concentrate on the American War.
• Britain sets up a naval blockade over the entire
  eastern Atlantic Coast which proves quite
  effective.
• English forces march down from Canada to attack
  New York but are stopped thus preventing possible
  secession hoped for by Federalists

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• August 1814 British march on Washington
• DC was burned (including the Capitol and the
  White House)
• In Sept. British naval forces attack Fort McHenry
  (Baltimore) but Americans refuse to surrender,
  despite heavy bombardment by British ships
• During battle Francis Scott Key writes The Star
  Spangled Banner as he watches battle as prisoner
  on British ship

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The War in 1814
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• BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS CHANGES EVERYTHING
• January 8, 1815 British made mistake of a
  frontal assault on entrenched US troops
• Lost 2,000 men in 1/2 an hour (compared to 70 for
  the US)
• Battle fought 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent
  had been signed, ending the war
• Effects of the battle
• Jackson became national hero
• US nationalism and pride increased by victory
  over the British who are worlds leading power

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• December 24, 1814 Treaty of Ghent (negotiated
  in Belgium)?
• Neither side had defeated the other neither side
  could impose its will on the other but agree to
  stop fighting
• Nothing done about US grievances for which war
  had been fought, including
• British arming of the Indians
• British violations on sea (seizing US ships,
  impressments of US soldiers)

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• December 15, 1814 January 5, 1815 the
  Hartford Convention takes place in secret
• Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New
  Hampshire, Vermont sent representatives (the last
  of the Federalist strongholds)
• A few radicals talked of secession, but actual
  demands were moderate
• Demands (end 3/5ths, outlaw embargoes) sent to
  Washington but arrive same time as Ghent Treaty
  and thus go no where.
• Last gasp by the Federalists

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Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island
Contemplate Abandoning the Union and Leaping into
the Waiting Arms of George III
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Results of the War of 1812

• Indians are deserted by the British and forced to
  make peace and give up huge tracts of land north
  of the Ohio River
• Harrison and Jackson become famous as warriors
  and will become Presidents
• Increased nationalism and decreased sectionalism
• Foreign nations begin to respect U.S.

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• Continued conflict on the US-Canadian border
• Canadians expected the US to attempt invasion
  again
• Led to a small naval arms race on the Great Lakes
  after war
• Ended with the Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) which
  limited naval warships on the Great Lakes
• Better relations with Canada led to a long
  demilitarized border by 1870s

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The Birth of Nationalism

• America emerged from war as 1 nation and begins
  to develop its national culture
• 1820s internationally recognized authors, using
  American settings and themes
• School textbooks had been British now they were
  written in America
• Painters painted American landscapes

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• Government and nationalism
• Bank of the United States was re-chartered in
  1816 (after being disbanded in 1811)
• Washington, DC was rebuilt
• The army was expanded to 10,000 men
• 1815 Navy beats pirates in Mediterranean
• Tariff of 1816 passed which put a 20 25 rate
  on imports
• Development of American System (Henry Clay)
• Transportation, Tariffs, Banking (TNT)

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Erie Canal Paid for by State Funds not National
FundsFinished 1825
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Cumberland (National) Road and Main Connections
Bring People West
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• 1819 an economic panic brought deflation,
  bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, and
  debtors prisons (resulting in their being
  abolished)
• First panic since Washington had taken office
• Why the panic occurred
• Largest cause was over speculation in land in
  west
• The Bank of the US had helped cause this through
  easy lending and speculating itself

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• Impact of the depression
• Nationalism declined and West hurt the most
• Bank of the US forced western banks (built on
  speculation) to pay debts owed to the Bank of the
  US
• The West came to see the Bank of the US as evil
• Poor people eventually became part of Andrew
  Jacksons constituency

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• The West weak politically so it had to ally
  itself with other sections (North and South)
• Demanded cheap land, cheap transportation, cheap
  money
• The Land Act of 1820 authorized buying 80 acres
  at 1.25 per acre (15.05 in 2005 dollars)
• Cheap money issued by local (wildcat) banks
  westerners fought the power of the Bank of the US
  for cheap money

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Slavery becomes an issue

• 1819 Missouri requested admission as a slave
  state
• North and South both had 11 states allowing for
  equality in the Senate
• South could stop Northern effort to stop
  expansion of slavery (example Tallmadge
  Amendment)

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The Missouri Compromise of 1820

• 3 compromises worked out (primarily by Henry
  Clay, representative from Kentucky)
• Admit Missouri as a slave state
• Maine (which had been part of Massachusetts)
  admitted as a free state
• Slavery prohibited North of the 36 30 line
  except for Missouri

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The Missouri Compromise, 18201821
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Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Attempt by Maryland to tax a branch of the Bank
  of the US
• Marshall ruled a state could not tax an agency of
  the federal government (the Bank)
• the power to tax involves the power to destroy
  
• Marshall declared bank constitutional, using the
  doctrine of implied powers

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• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
• The Supreme Court upheld Cohens state conviction
  for illegal lottery ticket sales
• Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to
  review decisions of state supreme courts in
  questions involving powers of federal government
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• Marshall ruled only Congress could regulate
  interstate commerce
• Struck down the New York monopoly, opening
  commerce to other companies

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• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
• The Georgia granted 35 million acres in
  Mississippi area to speculators then cancelled
  the transaction
• Marshall ruled grant was a contract and
  Constitution forbid state laws that would
• impair contracts
• the Supreme Court has power to invalidate state
  laws conflicting with the Constitution
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
• College granted a charter by King George in 1769
• The New Hampshire legislature changes charter
• Marshall ruled that the original charter stands
  because Constitution protected contracts against
  infringement by states

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• John Marshall
• Increased power of federal government
• Created a stable, nationally uniform environment
  where business could do well
• Decreased power of elected state legislatures, in
  spite of the national mood in favor of greater
  democracy

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America Seeks to Expand

• Treaty of 1818 with Britain
• Northern limits of Louisiana Purchase set at the
  49th parallel
• 10-year joint occupation of Oregon country under
  this agreement, Britain and the US did not give
  up their claims to Oregon
• 1818 Jackson marched into Florida on pretext of
  looking for slaves hidden by Indians. He then
  deposed the Spanish governor

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• Jackson escapes punishment for disobeying orders
  and Spains weakness is revealed
• The Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
• Spain ceded Florida to the US and gave up claims
  to Oregon
• US gave up claims to Texas
• The line between Mexico and Louisiana was drawn
  up to the 42nd parallel, and then to the Pacific
  Ocean, dividing Oregon from Mexico

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U.S.-British Boundary Settlement, 1818
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The Southeast, 1810-1819
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The West and Northwest, 1819-1824
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• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• What Europe held in South American they could
  keep, but they could not take more
• Also directed against Russian expansion
• Non-intervention
• Warned Europe to not interfere with new Latin
  American republics
• The US would not intervene in war Greece was
  fighting against Turkey
• Deepened the illusion of isolationism from Europe
  

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