Pierre Elliott Trudeau

1
Pierre Elliott Trudeau

• Trudeaumania
• Philosophy
• Early Reforms
• Economic Policies
• Constitutional Reform

2
Background

• Born in Montreal
• French-Canadian
• Lawyer and Businessman
• Educated at the Universite de Montreal and the
  London School of Economics

3
Background

• Throughout 1950s and 1960s Trudeau opposed the
  Conservative Policies of Quebec Premier Maurice
  Duplessis
• Asbestos Strike
• Quiet Revolution
• Flirted with Marxism

4
As Justice Minister

• Decriminalised homosexuality
• Liberalised Divorce Laws
• Legalised Abortion in certain cases
• Lotteries, Gun Control, Breathalyser tests

There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of
the nation
5
Trudeaumania

• Flamboyant
• joked with reporters
• slid down banisters
• pirouetted behind the Queen
• People treated him like a rock star
• A man for the 60s!
• PM in 1968

6
Trudeaumania

• Dated Stars
• John Lennon If all politicians were like Mr.
  Trudeau, there would be world peace.
• Was chased across parliament hill by tearful
  young girls.

7
Philosophy

• The Just Society
• government should...
• protect rights and freedoms for all individuals
• foster social and economic well-being of all
  people
• not interfere in individual lifestyle choices

8
Early Reforms

• Bilingualism
• Official Languages Act
• 1969
• French and English recognized as two official
  languages
• government services must be provided in both
  languages

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Early Reforms

• Bilingualism
• English civil servants had to take French
  language courses
• more French-Canadians were appointed to
  government
• Mixed Reactions
• many Canadians embraced inclusive value
• Western Canadians resented policy
• Francophones unimpressed - they wanted special
  status

10
Early Reforms

• Multiculturalism
• The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and
  Biculturalism
• new immigrants told the commission that
  immigrants and their children had endured the
  Great Depression side-by-side with other
  Canadians they had sacrificed sons and daughters
  to the national war effort, and they now reaped
  the benefits of Canada's economic revival and
  their own hard work.
• they preferred the idea of a cultural
  mosaic--unique parts fitting together into a
  unified whole. Ethnicity, they argued, did not
  undermine Canadian identity. It was Canadian
  identity.

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Early Reforms

• 1971 federal government adopted the policy
• encouraged Canadians to embrace cultural
  pluralism
• rejected prior policy of assimilation of
  immigrants

12
Early Reforms

• English-speaking Canadians worried that
  multiculturalism would divide Canadians rather
  than unite them
• Others feared that multiculturalism would erode
  the rich British heritage of English-speaking
  Canada
• Many in Quebec protested that multiculturalism
  was designed to undermine Quebec nationalism.

13
Trudeau on Multiculturalism

• I wish to emphasize the view of the government
  that a policy of multiculturalism within a
  bilingual framework is basically the conscious
  support of individual freedom of choice. We are
  free to be ourselves. But this cannot be left to
  chance. It must be fostered and pursued actively.
  If freedom of choice is in danger for some ethnic
  groups, it is in danger for all. It is the policy
  of this government to eliminate any such danger
  and to "safeguard" this freedom.

14
Early Reforms

• Over time, new immigrants looked to the policy
  less for recognition of heritage than for
  protection against discrimination in the
  workplace and elsewhere.

15
Terrorism

• 17 Terrorists were arrested in Toronto in early
  June 2006 - they had purchased 3 tonnes of
  ammonia hydroxide
• this material was used to blow up the federal
  building in Oklahoma City killing 168 -including
  19 children - and wounding 800 others

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Terrorism

• How should Canada deal with terrorists?
• Should the government change how it operates to
  reduce the threat of terrorism? How should the
  government change?
• How do you think Trudeau would have dealt with
  the terrorists?

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The FLQ Crisis

• Front de Liberation du Quebec
• founded in 1963
• goal the separation of Quebec from Canada and
  the creation of the nation of Quebec
• Methods violence and terrorism

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FLQ

• Between 1963 and 1970 committed over 200 violent
  acts
• bombings, bank hold-ups and at least 3 killings
• by 1970 23 FLQ members are in prison

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FLQ Crisis

• AKA the October Crisis
• Oct. 5, 1970 FLQ kidnap James Cross, British
  Trade Commisioner
• Oct. 10, kidnap Pierre Laporte, Vice-Premier of
  Quebec and Labour Minister

20
FLQ Crisis

• Oct. 13
• In an interview, Trudeau is asked how far he will
  go to get control of the situation - his reply
• Just watch me.

21
FLQ Crisis

• Theres a lot of bleeding hearts around who just
  dont like to see people with helmets and guns -
  all I can say is go on and bleed. But its more
  important to keep law and order in society than
  be worried about weak kneed people
• How far would you extend that?
• Just Watch Me

22
Invocation of War Measures Act

• For
• mayor of Montreal and Premier of Quebec cant be
  ignored - they asked for War Measures (Turner)
• how would exchanging prisoners for victims of
  kidnappings stop FLQ bombings / robberies?
  (Turner)
• search and arrest rights must be suspended in
  order to catch the terrorists and soon - element
  of surprise is essential (Turner)

23
Invocation of War Measures Act

• For
• democracy is fragile if democracy is not prepared
  to defend itself
• more terrorists will come if we dont defend
  ourselves
• they are going to destroy the basis of our
  freedom

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Invocation of War Measures Act

• For

25
Invocation of War Measures Act

• Against
• in crisis, governments must maintain the virtue
  of openness to be legitimate (Claude Ryan)
• they should have continued to negotiate with the
  terrorists for a longer period until things got
  worse (Ryan)
• Quebec should have dealt with this matter itself
  - to show independence from the federal
  government (Ryan)
• War Measures Act is way more than is needed to
  deal with a couple of kidnappings - we gave up
  all democratic rights over 2 kidnappings (Ryan)

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Invocation of War Measures Act

• Against

27
Invocation of War Measures Act

• Against

28
FLQ Crisis

• Oct. 15
• the Quebec government requests that the Canadian
  Army be involved
• Oct. 16
• Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act
• Oct. 17
• Laporte is killed

29
FLQ Crisis

• Oct. 17 FLQ releases 7 demands
• 1. the release of 23 "political prisoners"
• 2. 500,000 in gold
• 3. the broadcast and publication of the FLQ
  Manifesto
• 4. the publication of the names of the police
  informants for terrorist activities
• 5. an aircraft to take the kidnappers to Cuba
  or Algeria
• 6. the rehiring of about 450 Lapalme postal
  workers who had been laid off
• 7. the cessation of all police search
  activities

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FLQ Crisis

• Nov. 6
• hiding place of Laportes killers is found by
  police
• 3 of 4 FLQ escape
• Bernard Lortie is arrested and charged with
  kidnapping and murder of Laporte

31
FLQ Crisis

• Dec. 3
• after 60 days, James Cross is released
• in return, 5 known terrorists are granted safe
  passage to Cuba
• all later returned - serving short jail terms
• Dec. 27
• remaining killers of Laporte are found and
  charged
• Aftermath 497 people were arrested. Of these,
  435 were released, 62 were charged, 32 without
  bail.

32
How do you see Trudeau?
33
Economic Policy

• The 1970s were marked by a long and severe
  recession
• massive inflation
• oil crisis
• high levels of unemployment
• strikes
• regional disparity
• foreign ownership

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Economic Policy

• Inflation

35
Economic Policy

• Unemployment and Strikes

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Economic Policy

• Regional Disparity

37
Economic Policy

• Foreign Ownership

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Foreign Policy

• Canada as a Middle Power
• The Cold War
• Canada and the USA
• Arctic Sovereignty
• China and Cuba
• Vietnam

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Foreign Policy

• Canada as a Middle Power

40
Foreign Policy

• The Cold War

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Canada and the USA

• Arctic Sovereignty

42
Canada and the USA

• China and Cuba

43
Canada and the USA

• Vietnam

44
Social Policy

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