Chapter 10 Phase 4 : Social Organization and Cooperation Analysis

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Chapter 10Phase 4 Social Organization and
Cooperation Analysis

• ? ? ?

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Purpose

• The fourth phase of CWA
• Work domain ? Control task ? Strategies
• How these requirements can be distributed across
  human workers and machine automation
• How such actors could communicate and cooperate
• SOC ??? ?? ??? ?? 3?? tool? ?? ??
• Abstraction-decomposition space, decision ladder
  and information flow maps.
• These concepts can not directly give us the
  answers (aid tools to obtain answers)
• In particular, integrating social-organizational
  factors and technical factors

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Social Organization Cooperation? ??

• Self-Organization
• Ant foraging (Resnick, 1994)
• Aircraft carrier during flight operation (Rochlin
  et al., 1987)
• This type of flexible, adaptive structure is
  essential for meeting the unexpected disturbance
  found in complex, socio-technical systems

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The case of ant foraging

• ???? ?? ?? ?????
• ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ? ??? ? ???,
  ?? ??? ?? (Fig. Next slide).
• Mechanism
• Not rational, not complex
• ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??.
• ??? local rules? ??.
• ??(pheromone trail)? ???? ???, ??? ???, ???.

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Self-organization phenomena of the ant

• Emergent
• Temporally emergent rather than being completely
  planned Their actions are situated
• Distributed
• ??? ??. ?? ??? ?? ???? ???
• The informative, spatial structure of the
  pheromone field plays as strong a role as the
  behavioral capacities of the ants themselves
• ????? ???, no self-organization
• Nonspecific
• Changes in the qualitative structure of the
  system are nonspecific
• ???? ????(another actor or prespecified plan)?
  ??? internal factors (??)? ?? ??

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Aircraft carrier flight operation

• ????
• a potential for high hazard, highly technical
  tightly coupled.
• severe time pressure, frequent personnel
  turnover, large on-the-job training
• But, high level of reliability
• Formal structure
• ??? ???? ??
• Informal structure
• Informal structure is flat and distributed
• ????? ??? ??? ? ? ??.

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Self-organization phenomena of Navy

• Emergent
• The adoption of a flat and distributed structure
  emerged with experience on the job (Nobody set
  down)
• Distributed
• The organizational structure literally adapts
  locally to changes in circumstances
• People frequently changes roles to help others
  (redundancy in the organization)
• People near the bottom of the official
  organization do rapid responses
• The most immediate access to the information
• Nonspecific
• ???? ????(another actor or plan)? ??? internal
  factors (??? ?? ? ??)? ?? ????
• Highly organic in nature

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General Lesson adaptive self-organization

• Organizational Needs
• There is a strong organizational need for
  finishing the design (i.e. self-organization)
  through local adaptation to the situated context
• CWA Roles
• CWA tries to accommodate this dynamic flux by
  capturing the criteria behind organizational
  adaptation to change

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Distinguishing content and form of cooperation

• Identifying the requirements
• ???? (13??) ????? ??? ? ?? socio-technical
  systems? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??
• These requirements must be integrated with
  existing knowledge of social-organizational
  factors
• ??? ???
• ??? requirements? ???? actors ??? ??? ? ???
  ??(set of criteria)

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Content ??? ??

• What are the criteria governing the allocation of
  roles among actors? 3?? tool? ??

Tools Criteria
Abstraction-decomposition space ?? actors?? work domain? ?? area? ??
Decision ladder ?? actors?? ?? informationprocessing activity? ??
Information flow maps ?? actors?? strategy? ?? aspect ??

• Important points in determining the division and
  coordination of work
• What information content actors need to perform
  their duties?
• The division and coordination of work is a
  dynamic process in sociotechnical systems.

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6?? ?? (Rasmussen 1994)

• Actor competency ?? ?? ???
• Access to information or action means
• ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? aircraft carrier
• Access for action means surgeon decides
  pertaining to anatomical intervention
• Facilitating the communication needed for
  coordination
• Communication? ??? ???? ??
• Workload sharing ?? emergency ??
• Safety and reliability
• ? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??
• Regulation compliance ??? ?? ??? ??

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Form Social Organization

• How the various actors should communicates with
  each other
• Form of social organization
• Autocratic organization ? ??? ?? ??? ??
• Authority hierarchy ????, military ??
• ?? ?? ?? .
• ??? ??? ???? .

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Application Examples

• Mapping actors onto the abstraction-decomposition
  space
• Example 1 Medicine
• Example 2 Engineering Design
• Mapping actors onto the decision ladder
• Example 1 Automated shutdown
• Example 2 Operator Intervention
• Mapping actors onto information flow maps
• Mapping actors onto a social organization

To be used to define an inventory of requirements
that organizational structures must be capable of
satisfying
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Medicine area by ADS

• Work Domain Analysis of human body (Hajdukiewicz
  1998)
• To describe the cooperative structure during
  surgery.
• The anesthesiologist is responsible for
  maintaining higher level bodily functions.
• The surgeon is responsible for managing the
  patients anatomy and physiology

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Level of decomposition
Whole Body System Organ Tissue Cell
Purpose Homeostasis (maintenance of internal environment) Adequate circulation, Blood volume, Oxygenation, Ventilation Adequate organ perfusion, Blood flow Adequate tissue Oxygenation and perfusion
Balance Balance Mass and energy inflow storage and outflow System balance Mass and energy inflow, storage, outflow and transfer Organ balance Mass and energy inflow, storage, outflow and transfer Tissue balance Mass and energy inflow, storage, outflow and transfer
Processes Total volume of body fluid, body temperature supply o2, fluids, nutrients, sink co2 fluids, wastes Circulation, Oxygenation, Ventilation, Circulating volume Perfusion pressure, Organ blood flow, Vascular resistance Tissue Oxygenation, Respiration, Metabolism Cell metabolism, Chemical reaction, Binding, Inflow, Outflow
Physiology Organ function Tissue function Cellular function
Anatomy Organ anatomy Tissue anatomy Cellular anatomy
Level of abstraction
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Level of decomposition
Whole Body System Organ Tissue Cell
Purpose
Balance
Processes
Physiology
Anatomy
Level of abstraction
Surgeon
Anesthesiologist
Mapping responsibilities onto the work domain
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Cooperation during surgery

• Work division? ?? ?? ??? ??
• actor competency, workload sharing ?
• Each worker ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??
• This partitioning leaves considerable room for
  situated adaptation as a function of context
• The mapping of actors onto the ADS has
  implications for system design
• To create displays that are tailored to the
  information needs of each worker
• To identify the unique knowledge that a training
  program would need to induce for each worker
• To create an overarching database that would
  provide a global. shared representation that
  could support communication and coordination.

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Engineering Design by ADS

• Burns Vicente (1995)
• A participant-observer field study of engineering
  design
• Design of industrial control room in particular,
  design of a control panel
• 5 domains
• Human factors Ergonomics constraints
• Structural design ????, ?? ? Physical factors?
  ??? constraints
• Implementers ??, ??, ? implementation? ???
  constraints
• ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? constraints
• Management ???? ??? ??? constraints

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Views and three levels of function

• Views
• HF Design the panel is viewed as a workspace to
  display indicators
• Structural Design as a physical housing for
  electronic equipments
• Implementers as a something that must be built
• Customers as a highly visible part of their
  control room
• Upper management as a project that must be
  completed
• 3 levels of function
• Objectives
• Functional processes To be substantiated in the
  test and methods
• Physical components

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• Initial design activity by HF designers
• Specify the dimensions and shapes of the panel
• Obtain anthropometric data
• Check the early design, in the basis on expected
  reach envelops and viewing angles
• Adjust the dimensions and geometry

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• A subsequent sequence of design activities
• Discover the hallway size
• Compare this information with the current panel
  dimensions (Implementer)
• Modify the panel
• Check human factors concerns
• Decide to build panels
• Affect their manufacturing processes

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• Another trace of design activities
• looked too small by customer
• Decide to place a minimum height limit on the
  operators
• Change the anthropometric data
• Perform HF analysis again
• Modify the panel one more

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Lessons from engineering design

• ?? ????, ?? work domain representation
• ?? actors? ?? ???? ??(different object world)
  ??? cross object world ??
• ?? ??? ??? ?? object world? constraints? ???? ?
  ??? needs
• Design ??? ???? design team? Self-organization??
  ? ? ???.
• Multiple work domain representation? ??? ??,
  Self-organization? ??? information support? ??? ?
  ??.

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Mapping actors onto the decision ladder

• Rasmussen Goodstein (1987)
• Role allocation in the nuclear industry
• Actor types computer automation, operators and
  designers.
• Example 1 automated shutdown
• Automatic safety shutdown of a nuclear reactor
• Example 2 Operator Intervention
• A loss of coolant accident requiring protection
  of a nuclear reactor via operator intervention

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Mapping actors onto information Flow Maps

• Recall chapter 9
• The hypothesis-and test troubleshooting strategy
  were distributed across a human worker and
  computer automation
• Another example Decision table search
• They have a library of state models stored in
  their memory
• They scan and select a state model to see if its
  reference patterns matched the current set of
  symptoms

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ltMapping actors onto Information Flow Mapsgt
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Mapping actors onto a social organization

• Until now, the content of social organization and
  cooperation
• To identify the form of social communication
• ?? actors?? ????
• ??? actors??? communication ??
• ?? ??? ?? ??? communication ??, ???? ??? ??? ??

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ltMapping actors onto a social organizationgt
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Summary
Cognitive Work Analysis Framework
Cognitive Work Analysis
Systems Design
Identify
Form
Realize
Build
Develop
Conceptual Distinctions
Modeling Tools
Models of Intrinsic Work Constraints
Systems Design Interventions
v
1. Work Domain
1.
1.
1. Sensors, models, database
Abstraction- Decomposition
v
2. Control Tasks
2.
2.
2. Procedures, automation, context-sensitive
interface
Decision ladder
v
Information Flow Map
3. Strategies
3.
3.
3. Dialogue modes, process flow
All of the above
v
4. Social-Organizational
4.
4.
4. Role allocation, organizational, structure
5. Worker Competencies
5.
5.
5. Selection, training, interface form
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General Implications

• Aspect of design, including
• A shared, global representation to support
  coordination and communication
• Training requirements that are tailored to the
  responsibilities of each actor
• Displays that are tailored to the information
  requirements of each actor
• Functional integration across workers, designers
  and automation