Chapter 14 Revolutions and Nationalism

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Chapter 14Revolutions and Nationalism
Kai-shek
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Russia

• Czar Alexander II is assassinated by
  revolutionaries because of slow change
• Czar Alexander III takes over (1881)
• resists change kept absolute authority
  (Autocracy)
• Strict Censorship
• Only allowed Russian orthodox religion
• Only Russian language allowed
• Oppressed other national groups within Russia
• Pogroms organized violence against Jews

Anyone who argues is sent to the gulags in
Siberia
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Russia Industrializes

• Number of Factories doubled between 1863-1899
• Industrialization causes discontent over working
  conditions, low wages, child labor.
• The government outlawed unions.
• Workers organize strikes

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Revolutionary Movement Grows

• Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known as Lenin, will
  lead a Marxist group of revolutionaries.
• He believes Marxs theory that the workers of a
  country will rise to overthrow the czar and
  bourgeoisie. The workers will share all wealth
  with everyone equal.
• The workers were known as the Proletariat.
• Lenin will lead a radical group of Marxists known
  as the Bolsheviks. He will be exiled to
  Germany in early 1900s.

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Trouble in Russia

• The Russo Japanese War (1904)
• Russia and Japan will compete for control of
  Korea Manchuria.
• Signed an agreement over land, Russia breaks it
• Russia will move to attack Japan
• After 6 months to travel to Japan, the Russian
  navy is defeated in one day.

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• Bloody Sunday
• Czar Nicholas II came to power in 1894
• (Alexander IIIs son)
• On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers will march
  on the Czar Nicholas II Winter Palace in St.
  Petersburg to ask for better working conditions,
  more personal freedoms, an elected legislature
• The soldiers protecting
• the palace fire upon the
• crowd.
• Over 500 were killed,
• thousands wounded.

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World War I The Final Blow

• Russia was unprepared to handle the military and
  economic costs.
• Nicholas goes to the front and leaves Czarina
  Alexandra to run the government.
• Czarina listens to Rasputin and lets him make
  some political decisions
• 1.7 million soldiers die in battle.

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• Soldiers begin to mutiny, desert, and ignore
  orders.
• Everywhere food and fuel supplies were running
  short.
• Russians from all classes call for an end to the
  war.

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The March Revolution

• In March 1917, strikes expand. Soldiers refuse to
  fire on the workers.
• Nicholas abdicates his throne. 300 years of
  czarist rule comes to an end. 1 year later Czar
  and his family are executed.
• Provisional, temporary, government is
  established.
• Soviets- local councils made up of workers,
  peasants and soldiers.
• In 1917, Germany sends Lenin back to Russia in a
  boxcar hoping he will create problems in Russia
  and hurt Russias effort in the war.

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The Bolshevik Revolution

• Lenin calls for Land, Peace, and Bread
• All power to the people. The worlds first
  communist government is created.
• November 1917, 10 days that shook the world
  Lenin and the Bolsheviks take control of the
  government.
• Lenin sends Leon Trotsky to Germany to sign the
  Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to get Russia out of the
  war. (March 1918)

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Lenin takes control

• Civil war breaks out in Russia, 1918-1920.
• Lenins Red army vs. Allied White army.
• Lenins Red army wins the Civil War that leaves
  14 million dead.
• All farmland is distributed among the peasants.
• Control of the factories to the workers.
• A state-controlled society is established.

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Lenin Restores Order

• NEP New Economic Policy, 1921.
• Russia is organized into several self-governing
  republics under a national government.
• Russia is renamed Union of Soviet Socialist
  Republics (USSR).
• Lenin moves the capital to Moscow in 1918
• Bolsheviks rename their party the Communist
  Party.
• In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke. He died in
  1924.
• Buried in
• Red Square.

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Stalin Becomes Dictator

• Joseph Stalin, man of steel, will climb to lead
  the party upon Lenins death .
• By 1928, Russias farms and factories are
  productive again.
• Stalin is in total command of Communist Party.

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Totalitarianism

• Definition
• A form of government in which the national
  government takes total control of all aspect of
  life, both public and private.

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Dynamic Leader
Police Terror
Propaganda
Totalitarianism
Censorship
Indoctrination Or Education
Religious Or Ethnic Persecution
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6 Key Traits of Totalitarianism

• Dynamic Leader
• A leader who unites the people, persuasive,
  devises methods to keep control, usually through
  force, justifies their actions as beneficial for
  the state
• 2. Police Terror
• Secret police enforce the governments
  policies, no one allowed to criticize, people
  always live in fear of imprisonment or death,
  police intimidate people

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• 3. Indoctrination
• Government shapes peoples minds through
  slanted education. They control what is taught.
  Children learn the virtues of communism.
  Brainwashed
• 4. Censorship
• Government controls all newspapers, radios
  and television. All art is censored unless it
  glorifies the state.

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• 5. Propaganda
• Biased or incomplete information aimed at
  making people accept certain beliefs, opinions or
  actions. Mass communication spreads propaganda
  information.
• 6. Religious or Ethnic Persecution
• Ethnic minorities or religious groups become
  enemies of the state and are blamed for things
  that go wrong. Often no religion allowed. Groups
  subjected to terror and violence.

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Totalitarian Leadersin the 20th century

• Benito Mussolini (Italy) 1925-1943
• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 1929-1953
• Adolf Hitler (Germany) 1933-1945
• Kim IL Sung (North Korea) 1948-1994
• Saddam Hussein (Iraq) 1979-2003

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Joseph Stalin

• Lenins successor
• Controlled not only the government but also the
  economy and citizens private lives.
• Created a police state secret police arrested
  and executed anyone suspected of being a
  traitor, no one safe, informers everywhere

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Stalin Controlled the Economy

• Command Economy
• the government makes all economic decisions,
  allocating materials and workers for desired
  production
• Five-Year Plans
• the government set 5-year quotas, resulted in
  huge industrial growth but a shortage of consumer
  goods (housing, food, clothing and other
  necessary goods)

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• Collective farms
• the government seized privately owned farms to
  create large government owned farms, produced
  food for the state
• Peasants fought the taking of their land,
  especially the Kulaks in the Ukraine. They will
  destroy their farms and crops rather than give
  them up to the government
• Stalin declared that Kulaks be liquidated,
  more than 3 million were shot or exiled.
• Some 6 million more Soviets died from
  artificial famine that resulted from the
  destruction of crops and animals.
• genocide- The systematic and planned
  extermination of an entire national, racial,
  political, or ethnic group.

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Total Control

• By mid-1930, Stalin had transformed the Soviet
  Union into a totalitarian regime and a industrial
  and political world power .
• People were better educated and skilled.
• Women gained rights, considered equals.
• But there were no personal freedoms, consumer
  goods were in short-supply and dissent was
  prohibited.
• An estimated 20 million people were killed under
  Stalin.

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Section 3Imperial China Collapses

• China was ruled by Emperors, each heading a
  Dynasty.
• They were self-sufficient, needing nothing from
  the outside world.
• Unwilling to trade with outsiders, English
  traders found the one item China did not have
  Opium.
• Addicted to this narcotic, China was forced to
  open their doors to outsiders.

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• After a period of imperialism, Chinese people
  resented outsiders controlling its trade and
  economic resources.
• They will call for modernization and look to
  establish a republic.
• Republic- representative government ruled by the
  people.

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Nationalist Party - Kuomintang

• Believes in modernization and nationalism.
• Sun Yixian - First leader of Nationalist Party
  (1912)
• Builds up army and navy, constructed new
  factories, and reformed education.

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Suns Goals

• Nationalism put an end to foreign control
• Democracy representative government, people
  hold the power
• Economic security build industry to end
  dependence on other countries

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May Fourth Movement

• China enters into WWI with the Allies hoping to
  gain territories it had lost to Germany but the
  Treaty of Versailles gave the land to Japan.
• May 4, 1919 - 3,000 students protest the
  agreement in Tiananmen Square.
• Many are discouraged and turn to Marx
• and Lenin for inspiration.

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Communist China

• Mao Zedong will form the
• Chinese Communist Party.
• Unlike Marx, he believes
• the peasants would lead the revolution.
• Initially the Nationalist and Communist groups
  will combine but eventually they will break
  apart.

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• Jiang Jieshi Nationalist
• Leader after Sun dies- 1925.
• Formerly called Chiang Kai-shek
• The son of a banker, he opposes communism and
  Mao.
• He promises democracy and political rights to all
  Chinese.
• Many peasants turn to Communism seeing no
  improvement under Jiangs plan.

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Civil War 1930-1938

• Communist and nationalists troops will fight .
• Communist Mao Zedong
• Nationalists Jiang Jieshi
• Communists are nearly wiped out but will survive
  and return supported by Communist Russia.

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Japan Invades China

• Japan invades Manchuria (1931)
• Seeing chaos in China, Japan launches an invasion
  in 1937.
• Japan will bomb cities killing thousands.
• Destruction of farms will kill more from
  starvation.
• Nationalists and Communists will join forces to
  fight Japan bringing a temporary halt to the
  civil war. They will fight again following WWII.

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Section 4Nationalism in India andSouthwest Asia
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India

• Millions of Indians enlisted in the British army
  during WWI.
• The British government had promised reforms
  leading to self-rule.
• When they did not, radical nationalists acted out
  against British rule.

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Rowlatt Acts

• To end protest, Britain would jail protestors for
  up to two years without trial. They also banned
  public meetings.
• To Western educated Indians, denial of a trial by
  jury violated their individual rights.
• 10,000 Muslims and Hindus marched to Amritsar
  intending to fast and pray.
• Amritsar Massacre The British army opened fire
  and over 400 Indians were killed, many more
  wounded. (April 13, 1919)
• Two groups form to rid India of foreign rule
  Hindu National Congress
  
  Muslim Muslim League

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Mohandas Gandhi

• Educated as a lawyer in Britain, Gandhi will lead
  the independence movement.
• He saw nonviolence and civil disobedience as a
  way to achieve independence.
• Civil Disobedience the deliberate and public
  refusal to obey an unjust law.

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Examples of civil disobedience

• Boycott refuse to buy British goods, dont
  attend British schools or pay British taxes.
  Weave own cloth. Boycott into British economy and
  textile industry.
• Peaceful marches and demonstrations. All
  demonstrators were arrested.
• Overcrowded jails, factories closed, trains
  stopped.
• Gandhi leads hunger strikes.

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The Salt March

• Britain establishes that Indians must buy their
  salt from government stores and pay tax on it.
• Gandhi leads a 240 mile march to the sea to
  collect his own salt.
• Demonstrators march to salt factories, beaten by
  police officers. Worldwide attention given to
  Indias fight for independence.
• By 1935, outside-world puts pressure on Britain.
  Britain issues The Government of India Act
  granting India some limited self-rule but not
  independence.
• Tensions will mount between Hindus and Muslims

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• India gets independence from Great Britain
• In August 1947
• Was under British Rule for 89 yrs
• Gandhi is assassinated January 30, 1948
• The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu
  nationalist with links to the extremists, who
  held Gandhi responsible for weakening India

Gandhi's ashes at Aga Khan Palace (Pune, India).
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Middle East
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Turkey

• Mustafa Kemel
• The Father of Modern Turkey, Turkish general
  who overthrows the Ottoman sultan to become
  president of the Republic of Turkey. (1923)
• Issued many reforms
• Separated church (Islam) and state
• Created a legal system based on European law
• Granted women right to vote and hold political
  office
• Started government funded programs to
  industrialize Turkey.

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Persia becomes Iran

• In 1935 following WWI, Persia will unite
  nationally to create the nation of Iran under
  Reza Shah Pahlavi.
• He will establish schools,build roads and
  railroads, industrialize and extend womens
  rights.
• He established an authoritarian government based
  on nationalism, militarism, secularism and
  anti-communism combined with strict censorship
  and state propaganda.

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Saudi Arabia

• Arabia will unite to become a strict Islamic
  nation.
• It will be renamed Saudi Arabia after the House
  or Family of Saud. (1932)
• Saudi Arabias government will be based on
  custom, religion and family ties.

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Oil Fields

• During the 1920s and 1930s European and American
  companies discovered large oil deposits in Iran,
  Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
• Geologists discovered that this area contains
  two-thirds of the worlds known supply of oil.
• Because of huge oil profits, Western nations
  tried to dominate this region

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• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/saudi/oil.
  html

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Post World War IThe Great Depression
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Post WWI

• Only the United States and Japan were in sound
  financial shape.
• War-torn Europe and Asia would struggle to
  rebuild their countries with new governments.
• Countries were not used to managing without their
  monarchs/ emperors/ czars.

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• Coalition governments - temporary alliance of
  several parties. Many would try democracy.
  Seldom lasted long.
• Too many political parties would prevent an
  effective government from taking control.
  (Unstable)
• Frequent changes in government create
  instability.

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The Weimar Republic

• Weimar Republic Germanys new government in
  1919 following WWI
• Weak because of many different political
  parties.
• Government was blamed for postwar humiliation
  caused by Treaty of Versailles.
• Germany's reparation payments send Germany into
  depression
• America helps by giving financial loans to
  Germany.
• (Dawes Plan- 200 million) 1924

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A Worldwide Depression
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Causes of the Depression

• 1. Unequal distribution of wealth
• Rising productivity resulted in great wealth but
  only for a small percent
• Most families earned less than 2000 and couldnt
  afford to make purchases.
• Store owners cut back on orders.
• Factories produced less and laid workers off.
  (Cycle continues)

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• 2. Crisis in Agriculture
• American farmers produced more than was able to
  be purchased. Farmers couldnt repay loans and
  lost their farms.
• 3. Credit
• Consumers agreed to buy now and pay later.
  Paying a small amount down and taking a loan for
  the balance.

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Great Depression

• A long worldwide business slump following a stock
  market crash in the United States
• October 29, 1929
• Black Tuesday
• Lasted from 1929-1940

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• 30 unemployment
• Banks and businesses failed worldwide
• 9 million people lost their savings
• One-third of all workers lost their jobs
• Government had to supply people with food and
  shelter
• President at the start of the Great Depression
  was Herbert Hoover
• 1932 Franklin Roosevelt is elected President
• New Deal- FDRs economic reform program designed
  to solve the problems created by the Great
  Depression

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Employment Agency
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SHANTY TOWN
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FOOD LINE
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Dust Bowl
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Global Depression

• The US forced to call in loans from around the
  world.
• Investors withdrew their money from Europe
• US created high tariffs for imported goods
  causing the economies of other countries to fail.
• Germany and Austria especially hard hit.

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