Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9

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Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9 Review Slides
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Study Note
These slides are provided here to help you
identify the key topics covered in the lectures.
They will assist you in understanding the
material but should not be your only review
source.
Of equal importance are the slides leading up to
these summaries. Study these preliminary slides
will help you understand the context and
importance of the Buzzword summary slides.
Another valuable review source is the study guide
questions for each lesson. Some of the exam
questions will come from these.
I wish you all the best of success!
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Lesson 1 The Character of War
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Definitions of War
war, n ., organized, socially sanctioned armed
violence employed by opposing groups against one
another, normally for political, social or
economic purposes. John F. Guilmartin Ohio
State University
This will be our working definition
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Definitions
Strategy
A plan to match resources to objectives
basic definition
Matching ends to means
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Instruments of National Power

All the means that are available for employment
in the pursuit of national objectives. DoD
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Instruments of National Power
Examples

Resolve (will) Information Military
Economic Diplomatic
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Instruments of National Power
Examples

Diplomatic Information Military
Economic Resolve (will)
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Levels of War

FM 3-0
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Levels of War
Strategic grand plan for war Operational
getting the forces to the point of
battle Tactical actually fighting the battle

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Things You Need to Remember
Characteristics of war
Instruments of national power
Levels of war
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Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind Operation
Desert Shield
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Weinberger Doctrine
The United States should not commit forces to
combat overseas unless the particular engagement
or occasion is deemed vital to our national
interest or that of our allies . . . . If we
decide it is necessary to put combat troops into
a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly
and with the clear intention of winning . . .
. If we do decide to commit forces to combat
overseas, we should have clearly defined
political and military objectives . . . . The
relationship between our objectives and the
forces we have committed -- their size,
composition, and disposition -- must be
continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary
. . . . Before the United States commits
combat forces abroad, there must be some
reasonable assurance we will have the support of
the American people and their elected
representatives in Congress . . . . The
commitment of US forces to combat should be a
last resort.
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Reasons for Invasion
Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia Kuwait
as a result of Iran-Iraq War
Kuwaits disregard for OPEC oil production
quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy
Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil
fields
Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti independence
Iraq resented the restrictions on access to the
sea imposed by Kuwaiti control of the mouth of
the Euphrates River
Video
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Guiding Principles of U.S. Policy
The immediate, complete and unconditional
withdrawal of of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait
The restoration of Kuwaits legitimate
government to replace the puppet regime installed
by Iraq
A commitment to the security and stability of
the Persian Gulf
The protection of the lives of American
citizens abroad
National Security Directive 45 US Policy in
Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait August
20, 1990
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Operation Desert Shield
decision
General Schwarzkopfs
dilemma

With limited mobility resources, do you first
or
Deploy forces to defend Saudi Arabia
Deploy fighting forces to defend Saudi Arabia?
Deploy logistics infrastructure to prepare for
a bigger fight?
and very aggressively!
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Timeline of Events
Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990 Operation
Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7

First call-up of Selected Reservists to active
duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22
NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the
Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan.
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Operation Desert Storm air war phase begins, 3
a.m., Jan. 17, 1991 (Jan. 16, 7 p.m. EST)
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Lesson 3 Begin With The End in Mind Operation
Desert Storm
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Timeline of Events

• President Bush authorizes the call-up of up to 1
  million National Guardsmen and Reservist for up
  to two years, Jan. 18.
• DoD announces deployment of Europe-based Patriot
  missiles and crews to Israel, Jan. 19.
• Patriot missile first successful intercept of
  Scud claimed over Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Jan. 17.
  
• Iraq creates massive oil slick in gulf, Jan. 25.
• Iraqis ignite estimate 700 oil wells in Kuwait,
  Feb. 23.

• Allied ground assault begins, 4 a.m., Feb 24
• (Feb. 23, 8 p.m. Eastern time).

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Controversy

Why did we not go on to Baghdad?
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Lesson 4 The Emergence of Total War
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Total War
Total war one in which the whole population and
all the resources of the combatants are committed
to complete victory
French Revolutionary Wars 1792-1802
Levée en Masse - 1793
Nation in arms
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Total War
Total war one in which the whole population and
all the resources of the combatants are committed
to complete victory
and thus become legitimate military targets ...
U.S. Civil War
1861-1865
Sheridans Shenandoah Valley Campaign - 1864-65
Atlanta - 1864
Shermans Georgia Campaign - 1864
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Total War
Total war one in which the whole population and
all the resources of the combatants are committed
to complete victory
and thus become legitimate military targets ...
and the laws of warfare are ignored.
20th Century Wars
Aerial Bombardment
Submarine Warfare
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WMD
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Total War
Total war one in which the whole population and
all the resources of the combatants are committed
to complete victory
and thus become legitimate military targets ...
and the laws of warfare are ignored.
Hugh Bicheno Oxford Companion to Military History
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Military Revolutions
Late 19th Century
Land Warfare Revolution
Naval Revolution
All the significant weapons of World War I were
in place
Breech loading rifled artillery
Machine gun
Full power rifle
All big-gun battleship
Submarine
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Lesson 5 World War IThe Lights Go Out Across
Europe
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Preview
Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
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Causes of WW I
Nationalism Militarism
Interlocking Alliances
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Alliances

1839 Treaty of London (Britain guaranteed
Belgian neutrality)
1879 Dual Alliance (Germany Austria-Hungary)
1882 Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy)
secret pact
1894 Dual Entente (France, Russia)
1904 Entente Cordiale (France, Britain)
1907 Triple Entente (France, Britain, Russia)
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Alliances of 1914
Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Italy did not go to war in 1914
Germany - Austria-Hungary ? Central Powers
Triple Entente France, Britain, Russia
Became core of the Allied Powers
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Major Power Strategic Goals
France
Revanche (revenge)
Natural Frontiers
Germany
Place in the sun
Austro-Hungary
Expand into Balkans
Russia
Re-establish itself after 1905 defeat
Expand into Balkans
Great Britain
Maintain European balance of power
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The Plans
German Schlieffen Plan (1905)
Designed to avoid a two-front war

Bold envelopment through Belgium
Assumptions
Russia would be slow to mobilize six
weeks or more
Britain would not support Belgium
Belgium would not resist
Quick, decisive victory (short war)
"When you march into France, let the last man on
the right brush the Channel with his sleeve"
German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen
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The Plans
German Schlieffen Plan (1905)
German Schlieffen Plan (1906)
Modified by von Moltke the Younger

Did not enter Holland
Withheld 10 divisions in East Prussia
German army understrength in 1914
Plan required 100 divisions
Only 80 divisions available
Keep the right strong
Keep the right strong
Alleged to be von Schlieffens dying words, 1913
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The Dominoes Fall
June 28 - Assassination in Sarajevo
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb
Nationalist
July 23 - Austria sent ultimatum to Serbia
July 25 - Serbia accepted all but one condition
July 28 - Austria-Hungary declared war upon
Serbia.
July 29 - The Russian army mobilized.
Aug 1 - Germany declared war on Russia.
Aug 3 - Germany declared war on France.
Aug 4 - Germany declared war on and invaded
Belgium.
Aug 4 - Britain declared war upon Germany.
Aug 6 - Austria declared war on Russia.
Aug 12 - France and Britain declared war on
Austria.
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Why Did the German Plan Fail?
Faulty assumptions
Belgian resistance
Communications
Logistics
Op Tempo
(fatigue)
Fog of War
No naval involvement in plan
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Lesson 6 WW I Tactics Technology Attrition
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Western Front
What caused the stalemate?
Firepower
Machine gun
Heavy artillery
Outmoded Tactics
Inability to Innovate
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Poison gas
Tank
Light Machine Gun
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Poison Gas
First used by the Germans (Ypres, April 1915)
Initially chlorine gas
Later mustard, phosgene
Violated Geneva Conventions of 1899 and 1907
Total War A war that is unrestricted in terms of
the weapons used, the territory or combatants
involved, or the objectives pursued, especially
one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
US Military Dictionary
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Tanks
First significant use at Cambrai (November 1917)
400 tanks
Breakthrough achieved
but
No exploitation !
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?

Technology
Tactics
Strumtruppen (Stormtroopers)
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Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Tactics
Strategy
Dardanelles Campaign
( Gallipoli )
Maritime Blockade
( both sides )
Strategic Distraction
( Germany )
Future Lessons
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Lesson 7 WW I 1916 Attrition Warfare
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The War in 1916
(Attrition Warfare)
Battle of Verdun
Feb - Dec 1916
German attempt to force French capitulation by
inflicting massive casualties
Targeted key position French could/would not
surrender (Verdun)
French generals had all but abandoned Verdun
Preferred to defend in plains to west
Politicians said Hold at all cost!
Controversial interpretation
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Battle of Verdun
21 February - 18 December 1916
Significance
German losses were more telling
Fighting two-front war
Fighting alone on Western Front
The Battle of Verdun exhausted our forces like a
wound that never heals.
Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg
Germany realized unrestricted submarine warfare
might be the only hope for ending the war
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Germanys Dilemma
German chancellor, Bethmann, appointed Hindenburg
in hope the field marshal would back peace
Hindenburg realized Germany could not win the war
Advocated unrestricted submarine warfare as
only hope
Bethmann feared this would bring US into war
Hindenburg advocated strong defense
Hoped to wear down, knock out one of the Allied
Powers
Prestige of Hindenburg prevailed over chancellor
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Von Hindenbergs Strategy
Germany needed to drive Britain from the war to
have any chance against France
Proposed to initiate unrestricted submarine
warfare against Britain to starve population,
weaken military
? Realized this risked bringing US into the war
? Gambled that Britain could be defeated (6-12
months) before US intervention would become
effective
Built, then withdraw to strong defensive
positions (Hindenberg Line) to hold along Western
Front until sub blockade become effective
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Review of the War
August 3, 1914
Germany invades Belgium war begins
Sept 5-10, 1914
Miracle of the Marne German invasion halted
October 1914
Race to the Sea ends Stalemate on Western Front
1915
Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916
Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
Beginning of 1916
Germans accept futility of breakthrough on
Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against
French at Verdun
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Lesson 8 WW I 1917 Desperation Anticipation
-America Enters The War
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The Victims
RMS Lusitania May 7, 1915
Lost 1,198 of 1,959 souls on board
Including 128 Americans, 49 children
Compared with daily casualty figures at the
Front, the Lusitania fatalities were tiny. But
world reaction to what had occurred off the Irish
coast Friday 7 May 1915 was enormous.
Diane Preston Lusitania An Epic Tragedy
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Zimmerman Telegram
Sent by German Foreign Secretary, Arthur Zimmerman
To Embassy in Washington, January 16, 1917
Ambassador forwarded to Embassy in Mexico
British intercepted message, passed to US
Publication of message enflamed US!
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Timetable to War
Lusitania sunk Army Reorganization Act Wilson
begins peace initiative Wilson calls for peace
without victory Germany resumes unrestricted sub
warfare US breaks relations with German Zimmerman
Telegram revealed
May 7, 1915 Mar 15, 1916 Dec 1916 Jan 22,
1917 Feb 1, 1917 Feb 3, 1917 Feb 24, 1917

Wilson asks for war declaration
Apr 2, 1917
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Grand Strategy 101
Why did Great Britain go to war in 1914?

Maintain European balance of power
(Lesson 5)
1917
Britain, France on the ropes
Russia in revolution, almost out of the war
Germany poised to knock Britain out of the war w/
subs
US chose to pursue British objective maintain
balance
What should the US do?
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Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare The Zimmerman
Telegram Make the World Safe for
Democracy American Non-Neutrality American
Frustration
Protect US Economic Interests
Maintain European Balance of Power
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Wilsons 14 Points January 8, 1918

A statement of U.S. war objectives
the first by any of the warring powers
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Wilsons 14 Points January 8, 1918

1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at
2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas
3. Establishment of an equality of trade conditions
4. National armaments will be reduced
5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
6. Evacuation of all Russian territory
7. Belgium must be evacuated and restored
8. All French territory should be freed and the
   invaded portions restored
9. Readjustment of the frontiers of Italy
10. Peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded
    opportunity of autonomous development
11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro are restored
12. Turkish portions of Ottoman Empire should be
    assured sovereignty
13. An independent Polish state should be erected
14. A general association of nations must be formed

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Lesson 8 World War I End of the War, Seeds of
the Next
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
March 3, 1918
Ended war between Russia Central Powers
Russia ceded large territory to Germany
Most significant
One million German troops released to Western
Front
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Western Front 1917-1918
Spring Offensive
500,000 US troops in France by March 1918
and increasing by 300,000/month
Last ditch effort by Germany
German Spring Offensive March 21 - July 18, 1918
Ludendorff Offensive or Kaiserschlacht
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Western Front 1917-1918
Final Allied Offensive Aug-Nov 1918
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Armistice
Armistice signed at Compiègne November 11, 1918
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Seeds of the Next War
Influences on World War II
Versailles Treaty

Lessons of World War I
Great Depression
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Treaty of Versailles
Extremely harsh conditions Significant
territorial concessions Huge reparations
Severe limitations on military German
admission of responsibility for war

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What Would Weinberger Do?
How would US decision to enter World War I have
stood up against the test of the Weinberger
Doctrine?
Vital to our national interest?
Clear intent to win?
Clearly defined political military objectives?
Objectives, forces committed continuously
reassessed?
Support of the American people?
Last resort?
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World War I Chronology
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
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Review of the War
August 3, 1914
Germany invades Belgium war begins
Sept 5-10, 1914
Miracle of the Marne German invasion halted
October 1914
Race to the Sea ends Stalemate on Western Front
1915
Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916
Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
1916
Germans accept futility of breakthrough on
Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against
French at Verdun
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Review of the War
Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)
Jul - Nov 1916
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare
1 Feb 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed
24 Feb 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg Line
Mar 1917
6 April 1917
US declares war on Germany
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Review of the War
June 1917
First American troops arrive in France
3 Mar 1918
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia out of the war)
21 Mar - 18 Jul 1918
Germans Spring Offensive
Allies Hundred Days Offensive
8 Aug - 11 Nov 1918
Armistice
11 Nov 1918
Treaty of Versailles signed
28 Jun 1919
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Interwar Revolutions
1920s 30s
Perfected concepts introduced in WW I
Mechanized warfare Aerial warfare Carrier
aviation Amphibious warfare Radio-based
command control
Proliferation of new organizations
Armored divisions, Carrier battle groups
Strategic bombardment wings
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End