Reconstruction:

1
Unit 4

• Reconstruction
• The Nation Reunited

2
Reconstruction Era (1865-1877)
3
Unit Focus

• In this unit, students will learn how the United
  States reunited after the Civil War. Students
  will understand how beliefs and ideals of the
  North and South influenced changes to laws and
  the Constitution. The students examine the work
  of the Freedmans Bureau to understand how
  individuals, groups, and institutions can affect
  society. Finally, by thinking about conflict and
  change and production, distribution, and
  consumption, students will learn the effects of
  the Civil War on the daily life and the economy
  of the North and South.

4
Essential Questions
How do beliefs and Ideals influence the
decisions people make?
How did the destruction of the Civil War
determine the economics of Reconstruction?
How does conflict cause change?
What were the intentional and unintentional Conse
quences of what people said and did as a part of
Reconstruction?
5
Learning Standards

• SS5H1 e
• The student will explain the causes, major
  events, and consequences of the Civil War.
• SS5H2 a-b-c
• The student will analyze the effects of
  Reconstruction on American life

6
Learning Standards

• SS5CG1 c-d
• The student will explain how a citizens rights
  are protected under the U. S. Constitution.
• SS5CG2 a-b
• The student will explain the process by which
  amendments to the U. S Constitution are made.
• SS5CG3 b
• The student will explain how amendments to the
• U. S Constitution have maintained a
  representative democracy.

7
Learning Standards

• SS5E2 a
• The student will describe the functions of four
  major sectors in the U. S. economy.
• SS5E3 a-b
• The student will describe how consumers and
  businesses interact in the united States across
  time.

8
Enduring Understandings
How do beliefs and Ideals influence the
decisions people make?
How did the destruction of the Civil War
determine the production, distribution and
consumptions of goods and services
during Reconstruction?
How does conflict cause change?
What were the intentional and unintentional Conse
quences of what people said and did as a part of
Reconstruction?
9
EFFECTS OF THE WAR

• The Civil War had major effects on the North and
  the South. Thousands of young men from both
  regions died or were wounded during the war.
  Many returned home missing legs, arms, or bearing
  other scars from the fighting. Both sides
  experienced great human suffering.

10

• Economically The two regions were affected
  differently. The North prospered. Its
  manufacturing and industries grew. More people
  were employed as the Union worked to support its
  war effort. The southern economy, on the other
  hand, suffered. The South had depended on cash
  crops. The end of slavery meant that it no
  longer had its main source of labor. Since most
  of the fighting took place in the South, many of
  the regions farms and railroads had been
  destroyed. At the end of the war, the North had
  grown stronger. The South faced an uncertain
  future.

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EFFECTS OF THE WAR

• NORTH
• Prospered economically
• Manufacturing and industries grew
• New technologies
• Boost in steel production
• Transportation improved
• More employed

• SOUTH
• Cities, farms, and homes burned
• Railroads and bridges destroyed
• Businesses and industries destroyed
• 300,000 men dead
• Suffered economically
• No main source of labor

12

• 1865
• March 3 The Freedmen's Bureau established.Provide
  s assistance to emancipated African Americans.
  Abolished in 1872.
• April 8   Lee surrenders.Robert E. Lee
  surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
  Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's surrender in
  North Carolina on April 18 effectively ends the
  Civil War.
• April 15 President Abraham Lincoln
  assassinated.Vice President Andrew Johnson
  becomes president.
• December 6 13th Amendment ratified.Abolishes
  slavery in the United States.  
• Black Codes enacted.Southern states enact laws
  restricting rights of African Americans.

13

• 1866
• April 9 Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Confers citizenship on African Americans and
  guarantees equal rights.
• May 1-3 Memphis Race RiotWhite civilians and
  police kill 46 African Americans and destroy 90
  houses, schools, and four churches in Memphis,
  Tennessee.
• July 30   New Orleans Race RiotPolice kill more
  than 40 black and white Republicans and wound
  more than 150.  
• Ku Klux Klan A secret organization to intimidate
  African Americans and restore white rule is
  founded in Pulaski, Tennessee.

14

• 1867
• Reconstruction ActsCongress divides the
  former Confederacy into five military districts
  and requires elections in which African American
  men can vote.

15

• 1868
• March-May President Johnson's Impeachment
  TrialBy one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to
  remove the president from office.
• July 21   Fourteenth Amendment ratified.
  Guarantees due process and equal protection
  under the law to African Americans.
• November 3 Ulysses S. Grant elected
  President.The former Union general becomes the
  18th president.

16

• 1869
• First Redeemer GovernmentTennessee is the first
  state to replace a bi-racial Republican state
  government with an all-white Democratic
  government, followed by Georgia, North Carolina,
  and Virginia in 1870.

17

• 1870
• February 23 First black senator elected.Hiram
  Revels of Mississippi elected to U. S. Senate as
  the first black senator.
• March 30 Fifteenth Amendment ratified.Extends
  the vote to all male citizens regardless of race
  or previous condition of servitude.

18

• 1871
• Forty-second Congress.Five black members in the
  House of Representatives
• Benjamin S. Turner of Alabama
• Josiah T. Walls of Florida
• Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H. Rainey and Robert
  Carlos DeLarge of South Carolina

19

• 1872
• Freedmen's Bureau abolished.    
• First African American governor.P. B. S.
  Pinchback, acting governor of Louisiana from
  December 9, 1872 to January 13, 1873. Pinchback,
  a black politician, was the first black to serve
  as a state governor, although due to white
  resistance, his tenure is extremely short.

20

• 1874
• Democrats control the Forty-third CongressFor
  the first time since before the Civil War,
  Democrats control both houses of Congress.
• Robert Smalls, black hero of the Civil War,
  elected to Congress as representative of South
  Carolina.
• Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Senate.

21

• 1875
• March 1   Civil Rights Act of 1875
• Guarantees equal rights to African Americans in
  public accommodations and jury service. Ruled
  unconstitutional in 1883.

22

• 1867
• Disputed Presidential electionRepublicans
  challenged the validity of the voting in Souh
  Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.  
• Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South
  Carolina.The election of Hampton, a leader in
  the Confederacy, confirms fears that the South is
  not committed to Reconstruction.

23

• 1877
• Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President.
  Electoral Commission awards disputed electoral
  votes tot he republican candidate.  
•  
• Reconstruction ends. President Rutherford Hayes
  withdraws federal troops from the South
  protecting the Civil Rights of African Americans.

24
President Lincolns Plan

• 10 Plan
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
  (December 8, 1863)
• Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the
  South.
• He didnt consult Congress regarding
  Reconstruction.
• Pardon to all but the highest ranking military
  and civilian Confederate officers.
• When 10 of the voting population in the 1860
  election had taken an oath of loyalty and
  established a government, it would be recognized.

25
President Lincolns Plan

• 1864 ? Lincoln Governments formed in LA, TN, AR
• loyal assemblies
• They were weak and dependent on the Northern
  army for their survival.

26
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Required 50 of the number of 1860 voters to take
  an iron clad oath of allegiance (swearing they
  had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
• Required a state constitutional convention before
  the election of state officials.
• Enacted specific safeguards of freedmens
  liberties.

SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)
27
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Iron-Clad Oath.
• State Suicide Theory MA Senator Charles
  Sumner
• Conquered Provinces PositionPA Congressman
  Thaddeus Stevens

PocketVeto
PresidentLincoln
Wade-DavisBill
28
Lincoln is Assassinated
29
Lincoln is Assassinated

• On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln attended a
  play at Fords Theater in Washington D.C. John
  Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confederate
  sympathizer, entered the private box and shot
  Lincoln in the head. Lincoln died several hours
  later.

30
Freedmens Bureau (1865)

• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned
  Lands.
• Many former northern abolitionists risked their
  lives to help southern freedmen.
• Called carpetbaggers by white southern
  Democrats.

31
The Freedmen's BureauThe Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and Abandoned Land often referred to
as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the
War Department by an act of March 3, 1865. The
Bureau supervised all relief and educational
activities relating to refugees and freedmen,
including issuing rations, clothing and medicine.
The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated
lands or property in the former Confederate
States, border states, District of Columbia, and
Indian Territory. The bureau records were created
or maintained by bureau headquarters, the
assistant commissioners and the state
superintendents of education and included
personnel records and a variety of standard
reports concerning bureau programs and conditions
in the states.
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34
Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
35
Freedmens Bureau School
36
Freedmens Bureau

• The Freedmens Bureau was a failure
• BECAUSE
• the federal government did not provide adequate
  (enough) funds (money) to successfully implement
  (begin) all the programs the agency was designed
  to provide.

37
13th Amendment

• Ratified in December, 1865.
• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
  as punishment for crime whereof the party shall
  have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
  United States or any place subject to their
  jurisdiction.
• Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.

38
President Andrew Johnson

• Jacksonian Democrat.
• Anti-Aristocrat.
• White Supremacist.
• Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally
  left the Union.

39
President Johnsons Plan (10)

• Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
  Confederate civil and military officers and
  those with property over 20,000 (they could
  apply directly to Johnson)
• In new constitutions, they must accept
  minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession
  and state debts.
• Named provisional governors in Confederate states
  and called them to oversee elections for
  constitutional conventions.

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state
organizations.
EFFECTS?
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
40
Growing Northern Alarm!

• Many Southern state constitutions fell short of
  minimum requirements.

• Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

• Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES
41
Slavery is Dead?
42
The Civil Rights Act of 1866

• A federal law in the United States declaring that
  everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any
  foreign power is a citizen, without regard to
  race, color, or previous condition of slavery or
  involuntary servitude. As citizens they could
  make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give
  evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease,
  sell, hold, and convey real and personal
  property. Persons who denied these rights to
  former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and
  upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding
  1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year,
  or both.

43

• The activities of organizations such as the Ku
  Klux Klan undermined the workings of this act and
  it failed to guarantee the civil rights of
  African Americans. This statute does not cover
  visitors, diplomats, and Native Americans in the
  United States on reservations. It was aimed at
  the Freedmen (freed slaves) and was a major
  policy during Reconstruction. It was vetoed by
  President Andrew Johnson, then passed over his
  veto by Radical Republicans in Congress

44
Black Codes

• Purpose
• Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks
  were emancipated.
• Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race
  relations.
• Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers
  tenant farmers.

45
Congress Breaks with the President

• Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates.
• Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
• February, 1866 ? Presidentvetoed the
  FreedmensBureau bill.
• March, 1866 ? Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil
  Rights Act.
• Congress passed both bills over Johnsons vetoes
  ? 1st in U. S. history!!

46
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the
Union and the preservation of this government in
its original purity and character, let it be
shed let an altar to the Union be erected, and
then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon
it, and the blood that now warms and animates my
existence shall be poured out as a fit libation
to the Union.
(February 1866)
47

• The looming showdown between Lincoln and the
  Congress over competing reconstruction plans
  never occurred. The president was assassinated on
  April 14, 1865. His successor, Andrew Johnson of
  Tennessee, lacked his predecessors skills in
  handling people those skills would be badly
  missed. Johnsons plan envisioned the following
• Pardons would be granted to those taking a
  loyalty oath
• No pardons would be available to high Confederate
  officials and persons owning property valued in
  excess of 20,000
• A state needed to abolish slavery before being
  readmitted
• A state was required to repeal its secession
  ordinance before being readmitted.
• Most of the seceded states began compliance with
  the presidents program. Congress was not in
  session, so there was no immediate objection from
  that quarter. However, Congress reconvened in
  December and refused to seat the Southern
  representatives.
• Reconstruction had produced another deadlock
  between the president and Congress.

48
Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
49
14th Amendment

• Ratified in July, 1868.
• Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights
  and security of freed people.
• Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
• Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that
  of the Confederacy.
• Southern states would be punished for denying the
  right to vote to black citizens!

50
The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
51
Radical Plan for Readmission

• Civil authorities in the territories were subject
  to military supervision.
• Required new state constitutions, includingblack
  suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th
  Amendments.
• In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that
  authorized the military to enroll eligible black
  voters and begin the process of constitution
  making.

52
Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Military Reconstruction Act
• Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
  that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
• Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5
  military districts.

53
Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Command of the Army Act
• The President must issue all Reconstruction
  orders through the commander of the military.
• Tenure of Office Act
• The President could not remove any officials
  esp. Cabinet members without the Senates
  consent, if the position originally required
  Senate approval.
• Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincolns
  government.
• A question of the constitutionality of this law.

Edwin Stanton
54
President Johnsons Impeachment

• Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
• Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
  more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
• The House impeached him on February 24
  before even
  
  drawing up the
  charges by a
  vote of 126 47!

55
The Senate Trial

• 11 week trial.
• Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of
  required 2/3s vote).

56
Black "Adjustment" in the South
57
Sharecropping
58
Sharecropping

• Sharecropping is a system of farming in which a
  land owner and a farmer enter into an agreement
  to work together and share the profits of the
  harvest. The landowner would provide money for
  food, housing, seeds, work animals and others
  needs on a loan basis to be repaid at the end of
  the growing season.

59
Tenancy the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60 interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds lien mortgage on part of tenants future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmers future crop.
60
Sharecropping

• Sharecropping was really not much better than the
  condition of slavery and a very difficult way to
  make a living. The farmer could not get ahead
  because of the money needed to plant and harvest
  and they rarely saw a profit.

61
Black White Political Participation
62
Blacks in Southern Politics

• Core voters were black veterans.
• Blacks were politically unprepared.
• Blacks could register and vote in states since
  1867.

• The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal
  voting.

63
15th Amendment

• Ratified in 1870.
• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any state on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude.
• The Congress shall have power to enforce this
  article by appropriate legislation.
• Womens rights groups were furious that they were
  not granted the vote!

64
The Invisible Empire of the South
65
The Failure of Federal Enforcement

• Enforcement Acts of 1870 1871 also known as
  the KKK Act.

• The Lost Cause.
• The rise of theBourbons.
• Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

66
The Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Crime for any individual to deny full equal use
  of public conveyances andpublic places.
• Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
• Shortcoming ? lacked a strong
  enforcement mechanism.
• No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90
  years!

67
Think About IT

• Comparing How were the black codes similar to
  slavery?
• Summarize the Reconstruction Amendments

68
The South During Reconstruction

• Main Idea As African Americans began to take
  part in civic life in the South, they faced
  resistance, including violence from the Whites.

69
African Americans in Government

• Played important roles in Reconstruction politics
  as voters and officials
• Contributed heavily to some Republican victories

70
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

• Scalawags
• Southern whites who were non-slave holding and
  backed Republicans
• Carpetbaggers
• Northern whites to moved south after the war and
  backed Republicans
• Many Southerners accused Reconstruction
  governments of corruption. Although some
  officials made money illegally, probably less
  corruption occurred in the South than in the
  North.

71
Resistance to Reconstruction

• Most Southern whites opposed efforts to give
  rights to African Americans
• African Americans were often
• Refused land to rent
• Refused credit at stores
• Not hired by white employers

72
Ku Klux Klan

• Secret society who used fear and violence to deny
  rights to freed men and women.
• Killed thousands of African Americans while
  wearing sheets and hoods
• Burned African American schools, churches and
  homes
• Supported by many Southern planters and Democrats
• Congress passed several rather unsuccessful laws
  to stop the Klan in 1870 and 1871.

73
KKK
74
Education

• Education improved for both races during
  Reconstruction
• 1870s public schools created for both races
• Attended separate schools

75
Farming

• Sharecropping
• Farmer works land for an owner who provides
  equipment and seeds and receives a share of the
  crops

76
Answer the Essential Question

• WHAT KINDS OF RESISTANCE DID AFRICAN AMERICANS
  FACE AS THEY TRIED TO EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS AS
  CITIZENS OF THE SOUTH?

77
Change in the South

• Essential Question
• How did the South change politically,
  economically and socially when Reconstruction
  ended?

78
Panic of 1873

• Severe economic depression
• Small banks close, stock market plummets
• Blame for hard times fell on the Republicans and
  the Grant Administration

79
Panic of 1873
80
Election of 1876

• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel
  Tilden (Democrat)
• Hayes wins although the outcome of the election
  is disputed

81
Compromise of 1877

• Hayes presidential victory is disputed and
  Democrats threaten to challenge the decision.
  Party leaders meet in secret to work out an
  agreement.
• Agreement includes some favors for the South
• New govt would give more aid to the South
• Republicans would withdraw all troops from the
  South
• Democrats in turn, promised to maintain African
  American rights

82
A New Policy

• Hayes announces intention to let Southerners
  handle radical issues
• Federal government would no longer attempt to
  reshape Southern society
• Reconstruction has come to an end

83
Change in the South

• After Reconstruction, the South experienced a
  political shift and industrial growth.

84
Democrats in Control

• Large landowners, merchants, bankers, business
  leaders
• Adopted conservative practices
• Lower taxes
• Cut government spending
• Eliminated many social services begun during
  Reconstruction
• Cut public education

85
Rise of the New South

• By the 1880s, forward-looking Southerners were
  convinced that their region must develop a strong
  industrial economy. They argued that the South
  lost the Civil War because its industry didnt
  match the Norths.

86
Rise of the New South

• Built industry based on coal, iron, tobacco,
  cotton and lumber
• Textile mills, tobacco manufacturing, iron and
  steel mills
• Industry grows as a result of cheap, reliable
  workforce
• Agriculture is still the Souths main economic
  activity

87
Rural Economy

• Supporters of the New South hope to advance
  agriculture as well
• Too much debt for farmers
• To repay debt, farmers rely on cash crops like
  cotton
• Too much cotton forced prices down
• Sharecropping and reliance on one cash crop keeps
  Southern agriculture from advancing

88
A Divided Society

• As Reconstruction ended, African Americans
  dreams for justice faded. In the last 20 years
  of the 1800s, racism became firmly set in the
  culture. Individuals took steps to keep African
  Americans separated from white and to deny them
  basic rights.

89
Jim Crow Laws

• What is it?
• Laws that required African Americans and whites
  to be separated in almost every public place
• Impact
• Segregation! Unequal facilities and accommodations

90
Poll Tax

• What is it?
• A fee people had to pay to vote
• Impact
• Most African Americans could not afford the tax
  and therefore could not vote

91
Literacy Test

• What is it?
• Voters take a test in which they have to read and
  explain difficult parts of the Constitution in
  order to vote.
• Impact
• Because most African Americans had little
  education, literacy tests prevented many from
  voting.

92
Grandfather Clause

• What is it?
• Law that allowed people whose fathers or
  grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to
  vote.
• Impact
• Literacy tests could keep some whites from
  voting. These laws allowed them to do so.
  Because African Americans could not vote until
  1867, they were excluded.

93
Lynching

• What is it?
• When an angry mob kills a person by hanging
• Impact
• Fear! African Americans were lynched because they
  were suspected of crimes, or because they did not
  behave the way they should.

94
Lynching
95
Plessy vs. Ferguson

• The Supreme Court decides to uphold the idea of
  segregation of the South by handing down the
  decision of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
• Impact Said separate is equal. The problem is
  however, that the facilities are separate but in
  no way, equal. Gave legal support to Southern
  segregation and inequality.

96
Answer the Essential Question

• How did the South change politically,
  economically and socially when Reconstruction
  ended?