global policy

1
globalpolicy

• Chapter 20

2
(No Transcript)
3
Globalization

• International responses to devastation caused by
  Krakatoa eruption in 1883 and the 2010 earthquake
  in Haiti show growth of globalization
• Globalization not always positive
• How should U.S. respond to public concern over
  problems of globalization?

4
Figure 20.1A Two-Dimensional Framework of
International Ideologies
5
Making Foreign Policy The Constitutional
Context

• Foreign policy a nations general plan to defend
  and advance national interests
• Constitution gives Congress four responsibilities
  in foreign affairs and the courts one
• Despite no direct responsibility listed in
  Constitution, president dominant actor in foreign
  policy

6
Constitutional Bases of Presidential Authority in
Foreign Policy

• Article II of Constitution defines presidential
  powers
• Commander in chief of military
• Power to make treaties
• Appoints U.S. ambassadors and heads of executive
  departments
• Receives (or refuses to receive) ambassadors from
  other countries

7
The President and Foreign Policy

• Over time, presidents have used constitutional
  provisions, statues, Supreme Court decisions, and
  precedents of action to become leading actor in
  foreign policy
• However, Congress plays strong supporting role

8
Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority
in Foreign Policy
Congress empowered to

• Support, maintain, govern, and regulate the army
  and navy
• Define and punish piracy and offenses against the
  laws of nations
• Legislate

• Declare war
• Raise revenue and dispense funds
• Call out state militias to repel invasions
• Regulate commerce with foreign nations

9
Congress and Foreign Policy

• While most salient power, Congress has declared
  war only five times
• Legislative power used to design programs or
  provide funding (or not)
• Senate must approve treaties and presidential
  appointments involved in foreign policy

10
The Senate and Major Treaties

• Senate rarely rejects a treaty
• Defeated only 21 of thousands considered
• One major defeat rejected U.S. membership in
  League of Nations
• Most recent defeat rejection of Comprehensive
  Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1999

11
Skirting the Senate Through Executive Agreements

• Presidents can make pacts with other heads of
  countries with executive agreements
• Must conform to Constitution, laws of Congress,
  and existing treaties
• Until 1972, texts not reported to Congress
• May involve minor bureaucratic business or issues
  unlikely to win Senate approval

12
The North American Free Trade Agreement

• NAFTA negotiated as executive agreement by
  President George H.W. Bush
• President Clinton gained majority support for
  passage in both House and Senate
• President George W. Bush signed Central American
  Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) in 2004
• Implemented via presidential proclamation in 2006

13
After NAFTA, CAFTA
14
Constitutional Roots of Statutory Powers in
Foreign Policy

• Congress passed laws allowing president leeway in
  several areas
• Discretionary funds
• Transfer authority
• Disposal of excess government stocks and equipment

15
Military Policy

• Presidents, acting as commander in chief of armed
  forces, have committed American troops in
  undeclared wars
• Congress passed War Powers Resolution in 1973 as
  response to military action in Viet Nam
• Framework used to gain Congressional approval for
  actions in Afghanistan and Iraq

16
Ambassadorial Appointments

• Senate must confirm Presidents ambassadorial
  appointments
• May use confirmation hearings to prod presidents
  for different appointees
• Presidents can bypass approval process via recess
  appointments

17
Making Foreign Policy Organization and Cast

• First executive department (1789) was Department
  of Foreign Affairs
• Renamed State Department
• Congress passed National Security Act after WWII
  and created
• Department of Defense
• National Security Council
• Central Intelligence Agency

18
The Department of State

• Helps formulate U.S. foreign policy
• Executes and monitors U.S. foreign policy
  throughout world
• Secretary of State highest-ranking person in
  presidents cabinet
• Actual power depends on presidential approach to
  foreign policy
• President Obama appointed Hillary Clinton, his
  campaign rival, as Secretary of State

19
The Department of State

• Headed by presidential appointees permanent
  employees selected through civil service merit
  system
• Employees staff and service embassies and
  consulates
• Critics claim department lacks initiative and
  creativity
• Lacks strong domestic constituency, a drawback in
  a pluralist system

20
A Prison? No, the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad
21
The Department of Defense

• Congress replaced War Department and Department
  of the Navy with the Department of Defense in
  1947
• Wanted unity and coordination among armed forces
• Secretary of Defense a civilian
• Power depends on both the individuals and
  presidents vision of the job
• Supervises civilian secretaries of each military
  branch, who then oversee military leaders
• All work together to recommend policy positions

22
The National Security Council

• Group of advisors who help president to
  coordinate details of domestic, foreign, and
  military affairs related to national security
• Role played varies with each president
• Statutory members president, vice president,
  secretary of state, and secretary of defense
• Staff headed by presidents National Security
  Advisor, retired Marine Corps General James L.
  Jones

23
Intelligence Community

• Effective foreign policy requires accurate
  information, or intelligence
• Sixteen agencies in executive branch make up
  Intelligence Community
• Most prominent Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
  and National Security Agency (NSA)
• Vast majority of budget controlled by DOD
• Office of the Director of National Intelligence
  charged with coordinating operations of all
  sixteen agencies

24
Agencies of Intelligence
25
Report from 9/11 Commission

• Many believe 9/11 attacks due to failure of
  intelligence
• 9/11 Commission report proposed sweeping
  reorganization of intelligence agencies and
  responsibilities
• In response, Congress passed the Intelligence
  Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004

26
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
of 2004

• Amended 1947 National Security Act
• Restructured intelligence community
• Created Office of Director of National
  Intelligence (DNI)
• Took over duties of director of central
  intelligence
• Critics warned DNI lacked sufficient budget or
  clout to succeed

27
The Central Intelligence Agency

• Created after WWII to gather intelligence about
  actions and intentions of foreign powers
• Also empowered to perform other functions and
  duties related to national security
• Current activities both overt and covert
• Since 9/11, considerable controversy over CIAs
  covert intelligence operations
• Current leader is Leon Panetta

28
Revealing the CIAs Family Jewels
29
The National Security Agency

• Created in 1952 highly secret operations
• More employees and larger budget than CIA
• Uses supercomputers, satellites, and other
  high-tech equipment for foreign electronic
  surveillance
• SIGINT, or SIGnals INTelligence
• Current head is Lt. General Keith Alexander

30
Other Parts of the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

• Many government agencies provide input in foreign
  policy decisions
• For some, foreign affairs chief concern
• The Agency for International Development
• Others charged with domestic policy oversight
  have foreign policy concerns
• Department of Agriculture
• Department of Commerce
• Department of Energy

31
Other Parts of the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

• Foreign policy-making machinery extremely complex
• Many other agencies and organizations involved,
  including private businesses and state and local
  governments
• As social and economic issues become more global,
  even more will be involved

32
A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy

• A presidents ideology affects his interpretation
  of international events
• Generally more internationalist than Congress
• President and Congress must work together to
  develop foreign policy

33
Emerging from Isolationism

• Monroe Doctrine of 1823, or isolationism, defined
  U.S. foreign policy in 19th century
• Later in century, U.S. increasingly involved in
  Latin America and Pacific
• WWI first meaningful participation in European
  politics
• After failure of Senate to ratify League of
  Nations treaty, isolationism resumed

34
The Same in Any Language
35
Emerging from Isolationism

• U.S. emerged from WWII a superpower
• National security interests now worldwide
• Soviet Union, initially an ally, now a rival
• Soviet expansion in Europe a threat to freedom
  and order
• American foreign policy experts feared more
  conflicts in Europe if Soviet expansion and
  Communism unchecked

36
Cold War and Containment

• The Cold War designed to frustrate Soviet plans
  for expansion
• Policy of containment resulted in high defense
  expenditures
• U.S. also pushed for free trade, fixed currency
  rate exchange rates, and view of U.S. as banker
  of the world
• Marshall Plan designed to rebuild Europe

37
Cold War and Containment

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
  established in 1949 for mutual defense
• United Nations not successful forum for U.S. Cold
  War policies
• U.S. policy of nuclear deterrence led to a mutual
  assured destruction (MAD) situation
• Both U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in nation
  building by supporting developing nations

38
Vietnam and the Challenge to Cold War Concerns

• Soviets supported several wars of national
  liberation, including in Vietnam
• U.S. moved to strengthen nonCommunist
  institutions in South Vietnam to prevent Soviet
  takeover
• Troops entered conflict in mid-1960s
• American public disagreed strongly about Vietnam
  policies
• U.S. pulled out of Vietnam in 1973

39
Emerging from the Cold War

• President Nixon and Henry Kissinger developed
  Nixon Doctrine to guide U.S. interventions
• A policy of détente with other nations
• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT 1) one
  result
• President Carters philosophies and focus very
  different
• More open, except for peace negotiations between
  Egypt and Israel
• More of a focus on human rights

40
The End of the Cold War

• President Reagan refocused U.S. attention on
  Soviet Union in 1981
• Policy of peace through strength included
  increased defense spending
• Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Soviet Union
  in 1985
• Changes resulted in treaty outlawing
  intermediate-range nuclear forces with U.S.
• Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolized end of
  Cold War

41
Foreign Policy Without the Cold War

• Saddam Husseins invasion of Kuwait threatened
  U.S. ally and oil supply
• President George H.W. Bush put together coalition
  to counterattack in 1991
• President Clinton replaced policy of containment
  with policy of enlargement and engagement
• Criticized by some because no clear guidelines
  for application

42
The Hot War on Terrorism

• Like President Clinton, President George W. Bush
  had no foreign policy experience
• September 11 attacks transformed his presidency
• After successes in Afghanistan, developed
  doctrine of preemptive action and attacked Iraq,
  toppling Saddam Hussein
• When no weapons of mass destruction found, public
  support plummeted

43
Iraq and Afghanistan

• President Obama saw Iraq as war of choice and
  Afghanistan war of necessity
• Designed exit strategy for Iraq and increased
  troops in Afghanistan
• In surprising move, awarded Nobel Peace Prize in
  2009 for efforts in promoting international
  cooperation

44
Figure 20.2A Tale of Two Wars
45
Who Will Do the Right Thing in World Affairs?
2008 and 2009
46
From Foreign Policy to Global Policy

• After Cold War, U.S. moved to more global policy
  due to globalization of issues
• Inevitably requires global action/cooperation
• Most prominent global organization United Nations
• U.S. concerns often differ from other Security
  Council members
• Because of sovereignty concerns, U.S. does not
  always follow decisions of multinational bodies

47
Global Policy Issue Areas

• Nations today much more interdependent
• Many issues cross borders, blending domestic and
  international concerns
• Conservatives fear if responses to issues require
  decision making to be subject to international
  organizations, U.S. sovereignty threatened
• How do you define sovereignty in todays world?

48
Investment and Trade

• After WWII, U.S. dominated world economy
• Economic policy decisions useful tactically in
  Cold War
• Budget deficits in 1980s partially financed by
  selling U.S. treasury obligations to foreign
  investors
• Soaring dollar resulted in shift in balance of
  trade some investors less interested
• 1990s saw new foreign investors

49
Investment and Trade

• Many concerned about U.S. dependence on foreign
  investors
• Some countries have huge sovereign wealth funds
• Investments made more for political reasons than
  economic reasons
• Today, U.S. no longer dominates world economy
• China now second largest economy
• U.S. dependence on oil imports economic problem

50
Growing Dependence on Foreign Oil
51
Foreign Trade

• As foreign trade became more important to U.S.,
  policy responses needed
• Several options available
• Free trade
• Fair trade
• Managed trade
• Protectionism

52
Foreign Trade

• Free trade market without restrictions
• Principle of comparative advantage
• Fair trade international agreements to outlaw
  unfair business practices
• World Trade Organization founded 1995
• Managed trade government interventions to
  produce policy results
• Protectionism barriers to free trade imposed

53
Human Rights, Poverty, and Foreign Aid

• Western democracies willing to wage war to
  protect human rights
• Relationship between U.S. human rights policy
  goals and economic policy goals often problematic
• Some big emerging markets (BEMs) have
  questionable human rights records

54
Human Rights, Poverty, and Foreign Aid

• U.S. pursues policy objectives through
• Favorable trade terms
• Development aid
• Debt forgiveness
• Loans with favorable credit terms
• Donation of U.S. goods to developing nations
• Foreign aid easy target for budget cuts
• Obama to review participation in International
  Criminal Court

55
Figure 20.3Foreign Aid to Developing Countries
56
The Environment

• Environmental issues challenge for foreign policy
  makers
• Biodiversity
• Climate change/global warming
• Another example of freedom vs. order
• U.S. not a party to Biodiversity Treaty or Kyoto
  Protocol
• President Obama signed Copenhagen agreement in
  2009

57
Summit Meeting
58
How Nations Rate on the Environment

• http//www.epi.yale.edu/home

59
The Public and Global Policy

• Foreign policy making historically does not fit
  majoritarian model
• Public opinion usually only affects policy on
  issues related to national security
• Most important effect on foreign policy from
  business organizations and their leaders
• More a pluralist model of policy making
• Some decisions opposite that of public opinion