Effects of HIV/AIDS on Teacher Education

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Effects of HIV/AIDS on Teacher Education

• Teacher Education in Developing CountriesDwaine
  Lee
• Nov. 26, 2003

2
Adults and children living with HIV/AIDS in 2002
Eastern Europe Central Asia 1.2 million
Western Europe 570 000
North America 980 000
East Asia Pacific 1.2 million
North Africa Middle East 550 000
South South-East Asia 6 million
Caribbean 440 000
Sub-Saharan Africa 26.5 million
Latin America 1.5 million
Australia New Zealand 15 000
AIDS is responsible for 1 in 5 deaths in Africa
1 cause of death UNAIDS, 2002
SSA 10 of worlds population 70 of AIDS
deaths UNAIDS/WHO, 2002
1/3 of those living with HIV/AIDS are aged 15-24
Kelly, 2000
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Leading causes of death in Africa, 2000
22.6
25.0
In 1998, 200,000 Africans died due to conflict
war compared to 2.2 million to AIDS (Hunter
Williamson, 2000)
20.0
15.0
of Total
10.1
9.1
10.0
6.7
5.5
4.3
3.6
3.1
2.9
2.3
5.0
0.0
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Perinatal conditions
Tuber culosis
Cerebro vascular disease
Measles
Diarrhoeal disease
Lower respiratory infections
Ischaemic Heart disease
Maternal conditions
Source The World Health Report 2001, WHO
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• Highest rates in 20-39 age group most
  productive members of society (including
  teachers)
• Low rate in 5-14 age group indicates window of
  hope

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Worldwide Issue

• Beyond sub-Saharan Africa, more recent epidemics
  continue to grow
• China,
• Indonesia,
• Papua New Guinea,
• Viet Nam,
• several Central Asian Republics,
• the Baltic States, and
• North Africa
• India is the biggest concern in Asia with some
  districts reporting rates of 5 (Piot in NY
  Times, 2003).

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The Impact of HIV/AIDS

• Demand by affecting the number characteristics
  of the school-age population
• Supply through the death absenteeism of
  teachers
• Quality through interrupted schooling
  inadequate teacher training

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Malaney, 2000, p. 5)
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Effect on Demand
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Projected population structure with and without
the AIDS epidemic, Botswana, 2020
80
Projected population structure in 2020
75
Males
Females
70
65
Deficits due to AIDS
60
55
50
Age in years
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Population (thousands)
Source US Census Bureau, World Population
Profile 2000
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International evidence indicates that orphans
tend to have lower enrollment rates than children
with both parents alive and their disadvantage
can be substantial (Abt Associates, 2002,
p. xiv).
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Despite the affects of HIV/AIDS, most countries
will have more children in school in 2015 than
today.
source US Bureau of Census
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Effect on Supply
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Supply

• The Zambian Ministry of Education reported that
  2.2 of all teachers died in 1996.
• This was already more than the number of teachers
  produced by colleges that year, but it has been
  estimated that teacher death rates might triple
  by 2005 (LoveLife, 2000).

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Supply

• The World Bank projected that 14,460 Tanzanian
  teachers would die by 2010, costing US21 million
  in replacement training (Save the Children UK,
  2001a).

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Supply

• Projections for South Africa suggest that whereas
  teacher education production capacity is now
  5,000 annually, at least 30,000 new teachers will
  be required to be trained each year by the end of
  the decade (Crouch 2001b).

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Supply

• Teachers are also being lost to other sectors of
  government and to the private sector to replace
  personnel lost to AIDS (Swaziland Ministry of
  Education, 1999).
• Educator productivity is reported to be down and
  absenteeism up because of AIDS-related sickness,
  care for family members, and attendance at
  funerals.

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Dzingai Mutumbuka, World Bank
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Cost of HIV/AIDS to the Ministry of Education
Cost item 1990-2010 (million US ) 1990-2010 (million US )
Zambia Mozambique
Extra Teacher training 5.4 10.8
Teacher absenteeism 16.2 43.3
Funerals 1.6
Total 23.2 54.1
Dzingai Mutumbuka, World Bank
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Is EFA Attainable?
Example Sub-Saharan African
Even more dramatically increased rate of
expansion
millions
1990 NER 54 44 million school age children
in school
100
2000 NER 57 56 million school age children
in school
75
Dramatically different rate of expansion of access
2010 If NER stays at 57 67 million school age
children in school, requiring growth of 11 million
50
2010 If NER increases to75 88 million school
age children in school, requiring growth of 32
million
25
2015 To achieve NER of 100 129 million school
age children in school, requiring growth of 73
million
0
1990
2000
2020
2015
2010
Source UNESCO data
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Questions to Consider for Teacher Education

• Can enough teachers be recruited and trained?
• How can we keep teachers from leaving their posts
  for other sectors/opportunities?
• Will there be adequate numbers of supervisors,
  managers, planners, TTC staff?
• Is there adequate (any?) coverage for absent
  teachers?
• Is there a need for innovative supply models
  distance education, non-formal approaches (BRAC,
  Escuela Nueva)
• What HIV/AIDS-related inputs need to be included
  in the teacher training curriculum?

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The EndThank You