Anthropometrics II

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Anthropometrics II
Rad Zdero, Ph.D. University of Guelph
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Outline

• Anthropometric Data Tables
• Example
• Using and Generating
• Anthropometric Data
• Ergonomic Design Principles
• Ergonomic Design Approach

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AnthropometricData Tables
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Figure 2. Percentile of Population Group
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Table 1 - U.S. Adult Civilians (1989)
Segment Gender 5 th Percentile 50 th Percentile 95 th Percentile
1. Stature M F 161.8 cm 149.5 173.6 cm 160.5 184.4 cm 171.3
2. Eye Height M F 151.1 138.3 162.4 148.9 172.7 159.3
3. Shoulder Height M F 132.3 121.1 142.8 131.1 152.4 141.9
4. Elbow Height M F 100.0 93.6 109.9 101.2 119.0 108.8
5. Knuckle Height M F 69.8 64.3 75.4 70.2 80.4 75.9
See Static Body Features Figure 1 for exact
dimension
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Table 2 - U.S. Adult Civilians (1989)
Segment Gender 5 th Percentile 50 th Percentile 95 th Percentile
6. Height (sit) M F 84.2 cm 78.6 90.6 cm 85.0 96.7 cm 90.7
7. Eye Height (sit) M F 72.6 67.5 78.6 73.3 84.4 78.5
8. Elbow Height (sit) M F 19.0 18.1 24.3 23.3 29.4 28.1
9. Thigh Clearance (sit) M F 11.4 10.6 14.4 13.7 17.7 17.5
10. Knee Height (sit) M F 49.3 45.2 54.3 49.8 59.3 54.5
See Static Body Features Figure 1 for exact
dimension
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Table 3 - U.S. Adult Civilians (1989)
Segment Gender 5 th Percentile 50 th Percentile 95 th Percentile
11. Buttock-to-Knee (sit) M F 54.0 cm 51.8 59.4 cm 56.9 64.2 cm 62.5
12. Thigh-to-Heel Height (sit) M F 39.2 35.5 44.2 39.8 48.8 44.3
13. Chest Depth (stand) M F 21.4 21.4 24.2 24.2 27.6 29.7
14. Elbow-to-Elbow (sit) M F 35.0 31.5 41.7 38.4 50.6 49.1
15. Hip Width (sit) M F 30.8 31.2 35.4 36.4 40.6 43.7
See Static Body Features Figure 1 for measured
dimension
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Table 4 - U.S. Adult Civilians (1989)
Segment Gender 5 th Percentile 50 th Percentile 95 th Percentile
Weight (kg) M F 56.2 kg 46.2 74.0 kg 61.1 97.1 kg 89.9
See Static Body Features Figure 1 for measured
dimension
Note for Tables 1-4 Due to anatomical reasons,
Male data is larger than Female data at all
iles, with the exception of 13 (Chest Depth)
and 15 (Hip Width), which shows a reversal of
this trend.
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Body Segment Lengths
all values are in centimetres
Limb White Male White Male White Male White Female White Female White Female
Limb (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile)
Limb 5 th 50 th 95 th 5 th 50 th 95 th
Upper Arm 28.6 30.4 32.3 26.1 27.8 29.5
Forearm 25.9 27.5 29.2 22.7 24.1 25.5
Thigh 40.4 43.2 46.1 36.9 39.5 42.1
Shank 38.9 42.1 45.3 34.7 37.4 40.0
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Body Segment Density
Body Segment Year 1860 Year 1955
Head and Neck 1.11 g/cm3 1.11 g/cm3
Trunk -- 1.03
Upper Arm 1.08 1.07
Forearm 1.10 1.13
Hand 1.11 1.16
Thigh 1.07 1.05
Lower Leg 1.10 1.09
Foot 1.09 1.10
Density Mass / Volume
Human Segment Density 1 g/cm3
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Body Segment Weights
Main Segment as of Total Body Weight Individual Segment as of Main Segment
Head and Neck 8.4 Head 73.8 Neck 26.2
Torso 50 Thorax (chest) 43.8 Lumbar 29.4 Pelvis 26.8
One Total Arm 5.1 Upper Arm 54.9 Forearm 33.3 Hand 11.8
One Total Leg 15.7 Thigh 63.7 Shank 27.4 Foot 8.9
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Centre of Gravity
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Center of Gravity/Segment Length L1/L2 ()
Segment Year 1889 1955 1969
Total Body -- -- 41.2
Head -- 43.3 46.6
Arm 47 43.6 51.3
Forearm 42.1 43 39
Hand -- 49.4 --
Total Arm -- -- 41.3
Forearm Hand 47.2 -- --
Thigh 44 43.3 --
Calf ( Shank) 42 43.3 37.1
Foot 44.4 42.9 44.9
Total Leg -- 43.3 --
Calf Foot 52.4 43.7 47.5
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Center of Gravity/Segment Length L1/L2 ()
Segment
Head Neck
Hand
Forearm
Upper Arm
Thigh
Leg
Foot
Trunk
modified from Winter, 1992
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Radius of Gyration/Segment Length K/L
() (Cadaver Experiments)
Body Segment From Proximal End From Distal End
Head, Neck, Trunk 49.7 67.5
Full Arm 54.2 64.5
Forearm 52.6 64.5
Hand 58.7 57.7
Forearm and Hand 82.7 56.5
Thigh 54 65.3
Shank 52.8 64.3
Foot 69 69
Shank and Foot 73.5 57.2
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Example Anthropometric Forearm Data

• Purpose
• Become accustomed to Generating and Using
  Anthropometric Data tables and formulas.
• Steps (Use ruler or tape measure for length
  measurement)
• Measure length, L, of forearm (elbow to wrist)
  and diameter, d, about half way along length
• Calculate approx. forearm volume, V ?(d/2)2L
• Calculate forearm mass, m, in two ways (do they
  match?)
• using m D x V and density from Density Table
• using Body Segment Weights table
• Calculate forearm C-of-G using C-of-G/Length
  ratio table
• Calculate forearm radius of gyration, K, using
  forearm length, L, and Radius of Gyration table

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Forearm Data Table
Dimension Symbol Value (female) Value (male)
Length L
Closest ile for Length
Diameter d
Volume V
Mass (from density formula, D m/V) m
Mass (from Body Segment Weight table) m
C-of-G (from elbow) C-of-G
Radius of Gyration (from elbow) K
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Ergonomic Design Principles

• Designing for the Average
• There is no average person
• Very difficult to find person who is average in
  more than a few dimensions (e.g. avg. height may
  not necessarily mean avg. leg length and arm
  length)
• Designing for the average can be an
  over-simplification
• Only to be done after careful evaluation (e.g.
  very specific subgroup)

e.g. Clothing Study (n 4096 people) Center 30
was taken as Avg. Percentile, BUT Only 26 were
of Avg. Height Only 7.4 had Avg. Chest
Circumference Only 3.5 had Avg. Sleeve
Length Only 0.07 had Avg. Waist
Circumference And 0 had Avg. Foot Length
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• Designing for the Extremes
• Principle
• Try to accommodate entire population group
• Maximum Levels
• e.g. doorways, size of escape hatches on military
  aircraft, strength of ladders and workbenches
• Minimum Levels
• e.g. distance of control button from operator,
  force required to operate control lever or button
  
• Practical Design Range
• use 5th and 95th percentiles of pop. group as
  extremes
• use smallest female and largest male
• Questions
• Effects on those excluded?
• Can we restrict users to a certain pop. group?

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• Designing for Adjustment
• Principle
• Try to allow for adjustments in size, shape,
  position, intensity, and duration of the product,
  device, procedure, or system to accommodate
  unexpected circumstances
• Practical Design Range
• Common to use 5th ile female and 95th ile male
• Results in accommodation of 95 (not 90) of
  50/50 male/female pop. group because of overlap
  in male and female body dimensions
• Examples
• Car seats, desk height, footrests, office
  furniture
• Questions
• Use one shot vs. continual?
• Use one user or shared?
• Ease of and Training for using adjustments?
• What happens if design range misused?

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Ergonomic Design Approach

1. Determine important body dimensions
2. Define population group (men, kids, Swedes?)
3. Decide on which design principles will be used
   (design for extremes, average, adjustment?)
4. Select which sub-group of pop. group will be
   designed for (5th, 50th, 73rd, ile?)
5. Extract values from Anthropometric Tables
6. Add dimensional allowances for any clothing,
   equipment, safety precautions, and task
   performance.
7. Build prototype or mock up of product,
   device, procedure, or facility.
8. Test prototype with human subjects.

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Sources Used

• Chaffin et al., Occupational Biomechanics, 1999.
• Dempster, Space Requirements of the Seated
  Operator, 1955.
• Hay and Reid, 1988.
• Kreighbaum Barthels, Biomechanics A
  Qualitative Approach for Studying Human Movement,
  1996.
• Kroemer, Engineering Anthropometry, Ergonomics,
  32(7)767-784, 1989
• Sanders and McCormick, Human Factors in
  Engineering and Design, 1993.
• Moore and Andrews, Ergonomics for Mechanical
  Design, MECH 495 Course Notes, Queens Univ.,
  Kingston, Canada, 1997.
• Oskaya Nordin, Fundamentals of Biomechanics,
  1991.
• Winter, Biomechanics of Human Movement, 1992.