Classification

1
Classification
2
Biology

• The study of life.
• What characteristics do you look for to determine
  if something is living or non-living?

3
WHY DO WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS?

• We classify organisms in order to study the
  diversity of life.
• Biologist use a classification system to name the
  organism and group them into a logical manner.

4
In order to make their job easier, scientists
classify living things into groups, based on how
they are the same, and how they are different.
5
What is the name of the animals to the right?

• What is the name of the animals to the right?
• Cats
• Gatos
• Katzen
• Felis Catus

6
What is the name of the animals to the right?

• What is the name of the animals to the right?
• Cats
• Gatos
• Katzen
• Felis Catus
• All of these names are correct, but D is the
  universal name of these animals.

7
What is Classification?
Classification arranges objects, ideas, or
information into groups by finding common
traits or characteristics.
8
The Science of Classification
Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned
with the grouping and naming of
organisms. Scientist who classify or organize
organisms (animals and plants) are called
taxonomists. Taxonomists study taxonomy.
9
The History of Organization

Aristotle 384-322 BC Interested in biological
classification. Patterns in nature.
Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778 ACE Father ofBiological
Classification!
10
Aristotle

• Developed the first system of classification.
• He classified all living things into plants and
  animals.
• Animals were grouped depending on where they
  lived. (On land, in air or in water)
• Later scientist became convinced that his system
  did not work because of organisms living in
  multiple habitats.

11
Carolus Linnaeus

• Developed the system of classification that is
  still used today.
• He selected physical characteristics that led to
  classification based on close relationships of
  organisms.
• He used characteristics such as bats having hair
  and feeding their young milk to classify the
  organisms.
• The system devised by Linnaeus gives each
  organism two names called Binomial Nomenclature.

12

• Every organism is given a two-part scientific
  name.
• 1. Genus name is always placed first, is
  capitalized and underlined. Homo
• 2. The second word describes the organism in
  scientific terms. It is always lowercase and
  underlined. Sapiens
• Human binomial name homo sapiens
• Together they are the species name.
• Without the genus name, the specific epithet is
  meaningless

13
Common name Robin

• Erithacus rubicula
• Turdus migratorus

14
Common name Black and Polar Bear

• Ursus americanus
• Ursus maritimus

15
There are six basic characteristics of life. All
living things posses the following traits.

• 1. Show an orderly structure,or organization, of
  tiny units called cells.
• Reproduce to make more living things.
• Change during their lives through growth and
  development.
• Adjust to their surroundings.
• Obtain and use energy to run the processes of
  life.
• Pass on traits to their offspring.

16
2 types of Reproduction

• ASEXUAL (binary fission) a single parent passes
  exact copies of its DNA to its offspring.
  Occurs in bacteria and single celled organisms
  such as the amoeba.
• The single-celled amoeba demonstrates
• a simple method of asexual reproduction
• it divides in half by a process called fission,
• producing two smaller daughter cells. After
• a period of feeding and growth, these two
• daughter cells will themselves divide in half.

17
2 types of Reproduction

• 2. SEXUAL - organisms having genetic
  characteristics derived from two parents are
  produced.
• Male and female reproductive cells (gametes)
  unite to form a single cell, known as a zygote,
  which later undergoes successive divisions to
  form a new organism.

18
Adjust HOMEOSTASIS

• Organisms respond to their external environment
  and then process the internal demands
  accordingly.
• The maintenance of stable internal conditions in
  spite of changes in the external environment.
• Example temperature of a human is always
  around 98.6 regardless of the temperature
  outside.

19
Why is Taxonomy Important?
New Discoveries
Unknown species discovered.
Questions
New fossil Uncovered.
How can you answer these questions?
20
Why Do We Classify Living Things?

• There are an estimated 10 million to 30 million
  species on earth.
• Classification determines methods for
• organizing the diversity of life on earth by
• providing a framework of logic and order so
• that relationships among living things and
• once living things can be seen easily.

21
TAXONOMY

• Science of classifying organisms.
• Scientists identify new organisms and determine
  how to place them into an existing classification
  scheme.
• Scientists who study the grouping and naming of
  organisms are known as taxonomists.

22
Groups are also arranged in hierarchical order.
23
Hierarchical Classification

• Memorize the Classification System Order
• Taxonomic categories
• Kingdom (big) King
• Phylum Philip
• Class Came
• Order Over
• Family For
• Genus Grape
• Species (small) Soda

24
(No Transcript)
25
SPECIES

• A GROUP OF SIMILAR LOOKING ORGANISMS THAT SHARE
  SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS AND CAN INTERBREED WITH
  ONE ANOTHER TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.
• horse donkey mule (non-fertile offspring)
• species species non-species

26
The Six Kingdoms

1. Archaebacteria Collectively 1 and 2
2. Eubacteria are known as Monera.
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

27
I. Archaebacteria

• Ancient bacteria
• Prokaryotes (do not have a true nucleus), single
  celled organisms.
• Live in extreme environments such as salt lakes,
  swamps and VERY deep within the ocean.
• Cell walls without peptidoglycan
• Subdivided into 3 groups based on their habitat
  --- methanogens, thermoacidophiles, extreme
  halophiles

28
Halophiles (like salt)
Thermophiles (like heat)
29
II. Eubacteria

• True bacteria
• Found in practically every environment on Earth.

30
Eubacteria

• Come in 3 basic shapes --- cocci (spheres),
  bacilli (rod shaped), spirilla (corkscrew shape)
• Most are heterotrophic (cant make their own
  food)
• Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
• Can be aerobic (require oxygen) or anaerobic
  (dont need oxygen)
• Can be identified by Gram staining (gram positive
  or gram negative)  

31
Eubacteria

• Staphylococcus aureus 
• Bacillus anthracis
• E. coli

32
III. Protista

• First eukaryotic kingdom (true nucleus)
• Contains multicellular and unicellular species.
• Heterotrophic that ingest small food particles
  digest it inside food vacuoles containing
  digestive enzymes
• Classified by the way they move (cilia, flagella,
  pseudopodia...)
• Motile able to move.
• Examples include Ameobas, Parameciums and kelp.

33
Amoeba
Rotifer
Euglena
Algae
34
Peter Parks/Oxford Scientific Films
Amoeba Engulfing a Paramecium
An amoeba, a single-celled organism lacking
internal organs, is shown approaching a much
smaller paramecium, which it begins to engulf
with large outflowings of its cytoplasm, called
pseudopodia. Once the paramecium is completely
engulfed, a primitive digestive cavity, called a
vacuole, forms around it. In the vacuole, acids
break the paramecium down into chemicals that the
amoeba can diffuse back into its cytoplasm for
nourishment.
35
IV. Fungi

• Eukaryotes
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Do not contain chlorophyll (non-photosynthetic
• Store food energy as glycogen
• Most are saprobes live on other dead organisms.
  Decomposers obtain energy by breaking down
  organic material that they absorb from the
  environment.
• Nonmotile -cannot move
• Lack true roots, stems, leaves
• Mostly Cell walls contain chitin tough outer
  covering found on insects. (a complex
  polysaccharide)

36
Examples of Fungi
37
Mold
Mushrooms
Ringworm
Yeast
38
V. Plantae

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Nonmotile
• Contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts
• Cell wall made of cellulose
• Plants (also called autotrophs or producers) trap
  energy from the sun by photosynthesis store it
  in organic compounds
• All plants that reproduce sexually

39
(No Transcript)
40
VI. Animalia

• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• (take in food internally digest it)
• Multicellular
• Most are motile
• Cells contain a nucleus and
• membrane bound organelles
• Cells lack cell walls
• Show levels of organization including cell,
• tissue, organ, system
• Cells are specialized for particular functions

41
Animalia

• 99 of the organisms in Kingdom Animalia are
  invertebrates meaning they lack a backbone.
• Organisms that have a backbone are called
  verterbrates.

42
(No Transcript)
43
1. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
44
2. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
45
3. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
46
4. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
47
5. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
48
6. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
49
7. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
50
8. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
51
9. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
52
10. Which Kingdom do I belong to?
53
Animalia

• The Kingdom Animalia is divided into 6 phyla
• 1. Sponges and Cnidarians
• 2. Mollusks
• 3. Worms
• 4. Arthropods
• 5. Echinoderms
• 6. Verterbrates

54
1. Sponges and Cnidarians

• The only animals that
• do not have tissues.
• Mostly marine.
• Ex. Jellyfish, corals

55
2. Mollusks

• Have something called a coulomb (sac-like
  structure) that encloses their internal organs.
• Most have a hard external skeleton (shell).
• Ex. Snails, oysters, clams, octopuses

56
2. Mollusks
57
3. Worms

• Cylinder shaped bodies.
• Live on both land and water.

58
4. Arthropods

• Most diverse of all animals.
• Have an external skeleton.
• Have jointed appendages, such as antennae and
  jaws.
• High rate of reproduction.
• 2/3 of all animals.

59
4. Arthropods
60
5. Echinoderms

• Ability to regenerate a lost limb.
• Ex. Sea stars, sea urchins

61
6. Verterbrates

• Internal skeleton made of bone.
• Includes mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and
  amphibians.

62
What are Dichotomous Keys?

• a method for determining the identity of
  something (like the name of a butterfly, a plant,
  a lichen, or a rock) by going through a series of
  choices that leads the user to the correct name
  of the item.
• Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".

63
Using a dichotomous key

• At each step of the process of using the key, the
  user is given two choices each alternative leads
  to another question until the item is identified.
  
• 1a. If the leaves are flat.go to question 4.
• 1b. If the leaves are needle-like.go to
  question 2.
• 2a. Are the needles in a bunch? Go to question
  5
• 2b. Are they spread along the branch?pine tree
• Eventually, when enough questions have been
  answered, the identity of the tree is revealed.

64
Dichotomous Keys

• Identification key that contains pairs of
  contrasting descriptions.
• After each description the key either directs you
  to another comparison or identifies the object.

65

• 1a Butterfly exhibits only one color. Boring
  butterfly
• 1b Butterfly has two or more colors. Go to 2.
• 2a. Butterfly has a red body.
• 2b Butterfly has a black body. Go to 3.
• 3a. Butterfly contains the color red. Inachis io
• 3b. Butterfly contains the color orange. Danaus
  plexippus