Title: CELL ENERGY
1CELL ENERGY
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
2All Cells Need Energy
- Cells need energy to do a variety of work
- Making new molecules (whats this called?)
- Building membranes and organelles
- Moving molecules in and out of the cell
- Movement
3Most Missed Midterm Question!
- The bodys preferred energy source is ____.
- A. Lipids
- B. Proteins
- C. Nucleic Acids
- D. Carbohydrates
- Correct answer D Carbohydrates!
- Carbohydrates are easiest to be broken down to
recharge ATP!!! - Truly the answer is ATP.
4What energy sources can you think of?
- Cars Gasoline
- Cell Phone Battery
- TV Electricity
- Human Food
- http//ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinati
ng-story-of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten
5Energy Flow
- 2 types of energy reactions
- ENDERGONIC
- Require an INPUT of energy (stores E)
- Build/Repair tissues
- Cell reproduction
- EXERGONIC
- Release energy
- Chemical reactions of the body give off E
- Ex. Muscle contraction
- Heat is released - EXERcise
6Where Does A Cell Get Energy?
- Food is broken down to a form the cell can use
(glucose). - Extra energy is stored in an ATP molecule.
7How is ATP/ADP Like a Cell Phone Battery?
8What Is ATP?
- ATP adenosine triphosphate is a molecule made
up of - 1 Adenine (NH group amine group)
- 1 Ribose Sugar
- 3 phosphate groups
Adenine
phosphate groups
Ribose
9How Does ATP Work?
- Energy is stored in the bond between the second
and third phosphate group. - When the bond is broken, energy is released and
ADP is formed.
Adenine
Ribose
10 11Lets look at ATP and see how it works
- LAB TIME Cell Energy/ATP Lab
12ATP Energy Currency
- Within a cell, formation of ATP from ADP and
phosphate occurs over and over, storing and
releasing energy. - As the cell uses energy, ATP breaks down
repeatedly to release energy and form ADP and
phosphate.
13Adrenaline Rush.It must be my cAMP!
14MAKING USING Energy
- AUTOTROPHS
- - BANK ATP in food photosynthesis
- Release ATP from food cellular respiration
- HETEROTROPHS
- ACQUIRE BANKED ATP eating
- Release ATP from food cellular respiration
15MAKING USING Energy
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Endergonic stores energy
- Takes place in cells with chloroplasts
- Cellular respiration
- Exergonic releases energy
- Takes place in all living cells
- Takes place in mitochondria
16What level do we know things?
The What
The How
179.2 Photosynthesis
- Trapping light energy (sun) and converting it to
chemical energy (carbohydrate which one?) - Happens where?
18Photosynthesis
- Using light from the sun, plants combine water
and carbon dioxide to make sugar .
- General Equation
- 6CO2 6H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6O2
- Reactants Products
19WHAT EXACTLY IS LIGHT?
- Light visible spectrum
- E travels in packets called photons
- These photons travel in waves
- The amount of energy in each packet depends on
the wavelength (?)
20The electromagnetic spectrum
21WHAT EXACTLY IS LIGHT?
?
?
- Short ? ____ E _____ frequency
- Long ? _____ E ____ frequency
- ?s range (for visible light) 400-700nm
- (violet-red)
- Molecules can either _______ the entire photon or
not (______)
?
?
absorb
reflect
22Figure 10.7 Determining an absorption spectrum
23Why leaves are green interaction of light with
chloroplasts
24How do plants capture light?
- Plants have 2 light-capturing pigments
- 1. Chloroplasts Chlorophyll
- Absorb red, blue
- Reflect 500-600nm (green)
- 2. Carotenoids
- Absorb light blue, green
- Reflect yellow, orange, red
25The structure of the chloroplasts
- Each is surrounded by a double-membrane envelope
- Thylakoid
- Stroma
- Grana
- The pigment is chlorophyll
- Comes in 2 forms
- Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B
26Photosynthesis
- Sets of Reactions (steps)
- 1. Light Reactions
- Light dependent
- 2. Calvin Cycle (Melvin Calvin)
- Light independent
- dark reactions
271. Light Reactions
- Occurs in the grana/thylakoids chlorophyll
- Light E ? Chemical E (ATP)
281. Light Reactions
- 1. Light absorbs into 2 reaction centers
- 680nm 700nm
- (photosystem II) (photosystem I)
- 2. Electrons are energized excited by light
29Excitation of chlorophyll by light
301. Light Reactions
- 1. Light absorbs into 2 reaction centers
- 680nm 700nm
- (photosystem II) (photosystem I)
- 2. Electrons are energized excited
- 3. P680 energy splits H2O Releases H O
- 4. Excited e-s convert ADP to ATP
- 5. P700 e-s convert NADP to NADPH
- NADP is a carrier molecule (used in dark
reactions)
31http//www.cst.cmich.edu/users/baile1re/bio101fall
/enzphoto/photoanima.htm
32Photosystems
- Light harvesting units of the thylakoid membrane
- Composed mainly of protein and pigment antenna
complexes - Antenna pigment molecules are struck by photons
- Energy is passed to reaction centers
- e-s are excited and passed through an electron
transport system - A series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane
33Electron Transport
- photons excite chlorophyll e-
- e-s travel to Photosystem I down an electron
transport chain - as e-s fall, ADP forms ATP
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401. Light Reactions
- Light Reactions Summary
- Light energy is converted to chemical energy to
split hydrogen from water. - Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the
coin-like stacks of thylakoids). - Byproducts are
- Oxygen waste
- NADPH/ATP used in the dark reactions
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42Part 2 of PhotosynthesisLight Independent
(dark) reactions
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442. Light Independent Reactions
- Calvin Cycle
- ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used
along with CO2 to form a simple sugar (glucose). - Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts
(the liquid filling). - Byproducts are
- C6H12O6 (glucose)
- ADP and NADP (which return to the light
reactions).
45http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070960526/s
tudent_view0/chapter5/animation_quiz_1.html
46The Calvin cycle
- 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) - Phases 1- Carbon fixation each CO2 is
attached to RuBP (rubisco enzyme) - 2- Reduction electrons H from NADPH reduces
to G3P ATP used up - 3- Regeneration G3P rearranged to
RuBP ATP used cycle continues
47Calvin Cycle, net synthesis
- For each G3P (and for 3 CO2). Consumption of
9 ATPs 6 NADPH (light reactions regenerate
these molecules) - G3P can then be used by the plant to make glucose
and other organic compounds - Carbohydrates!
48Figure 10.17 The Calvin cycle (Layer 1)
49Figure 10.17 The Calvin cycle (Layer 2)
50Figure 10.17 The Calvin cycle (Layer 3)
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52Sunlight
O2
Photosystem I II
H2O
ATP
NADP ADP
NADPH
CO2
Calvin cycle
Glucose
CHLOROPLAST
53Photosynthesis an overview
- H2O is split, e- (along w/ H) are transferred to
CO2, reducing it to sugar - 2 major steps
- light reactions (photo) energy made
- NADP (electron acceptor) to NADPH
- Photophosphorylation ADP ---gt ATP
- Calvin cycle (synthesis) carbohydrate is
made - Carbon fixation carbon into sugars
- http//www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/
metabolism/photosynthesis.swf
54Photosynthesis
- Using light from the sun, plants combine water
and carbon dioxide to make sugar .
- General Equation
- 6CO2 6H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6O2
- Reactants Products
55Tracking atoms through photosynthesis
Released Oxygen came from Water!!!!
56Desert Plant Adaptation
- -Plants must conserve H2O
- -Opening stoma on leaves of plant CO2 BUT water
diffuses out! - -Hot/dry days - stomata close CO2 decrease, no
ATP or food generated - Solution..
57Alternative carbon fixation methods, II
- CAM plants open stomata during night, close
during day (crassulacean acid metabolism) cacti,
pineapples, etc. - Less water loss
- Photo (day) store energy
- Synthesis (night) make sugar
58- Post Lecture Questions Answer on separate sheet
- 1. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
- 2. What are the reactants of the light reactions?
- 3. What are the products of the light reactions?
- 4. What is the purpose of NADPH and ATP in
photosynthesis? - 5. What are the reactants of the
light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)? - 6. What are the products of the light-independent
reaction (Calvin Cycle)? - 7. Which step of photosynthesis is exergonic?
- 8. Which step of photosynthesis is endergonic?
59Formative Review
- Summarize the 2 reactions (Light Dark/Calvin)
using the following words - Light
- CO2
- ADP
- NADP
- NADPH
- Water
- ATP
- Carbohydrate
- e-
- H
60Formative Review Example
- In the light reactions, water is split using the
energy from light. Light excites the electrons
from water, which catalyze the reaction of ADP
back to ATP. The H atoms and e from water are
then picked up by the electron carrier molecule
NADP which becomes NADPH and taken to the Calvin
Cycle. - In the Calvin Cycle, the e- and H from NADPH are
added to CO2 using the energy from ATP to build a
carbohydrate.
61Switch it, Grade it
- Every word used right (correctly in the right
step) is 10 pts only count once - What did they score?
62Nutrient adaptation
- Nutrients necessary for plant health
- ATP, NADPH contain Nitrogen, Phosphorous (common
in fertilizer) - Carnivorous plants seeking nutrients!
63Photosynthesis the BIG picturePlants in
SPACE?!?!
64- 5.3 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical
Energy to Make ATP
65How can cells replenish ATP?
- CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- uses food and breathing to make E
- (glucose) (oxygen) (ATP)
- ? THE GENERAL EQUATION
- C6H12O6 6O2 38ADP 38Pi ?
- 6CO2 6H2O 38ATP
66How can cells replenish ATP?
- BUT
- To break the glucose we use 2 ATPs so what is
the net ATP from cellular respiration? - NOTE Some energy is lost by heat
- Cellular Respiration takes the energy in glucose
to make ATPs - Aerobic Respiration Using oxygen to make Energy
67Cellular Respiration
- 3 Steps
- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
- Also called oxidative phosphorylation
68Cellular Respiration STEP 1
- Glycolysis
- Oxygen is NOT required!
- Glucose is split to form pyruvate.
- Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
- ATP is a byproduct.
- http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
io231/
69Cellular Respiration STEP 1
- Glycolysis
- Glucose 2ATP 2NAD ?2 Pyruvic Acid 4ATP
2NADH - (pyruvate)
- Not very efficient to make more ATP cells must
move on to step II and III (only if O2 is
present) - NAD Coenzyme which carries electrons (Hs) to
make NADH (used later to make ATP)
Why is this only 2 ATP?
70Cellular Respiration STEP 1
- Pyruvate now moves into the mitochondria step 2
71Cellular Respiration STEP 2
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
- Pyruvate is used to build citric acid (a carbon
compound), which is broken down to release ATP. - Takes place in the cristae (the folded membrane
in the mitochondrion). - CO2 is released
- NADH FADH2 carry hydrogen ions electrons to
the electron transport chain (step 3) - http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
io231/
72Mitochondrion
73Cellular Respiration STEP 2
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
- Pyruvic acid oxidizes (breaks) into Acetyl-CoA
- happens PRIOR to the cycle
- Also made NADHs, FADH2, GTP (converts to ATP)
74Formation of Acetyl CoA
75Cellular Respiration STEP 2
- CITRIC ACID CYCLE
- 2-C (acetyl-coA) 4-C (oxaloacetic acid) 6-C
(citric acid) - The 4-C molecule is recycled
- Releasing 2 Cs as.
- Cycle turns twice WHY?
76Cellular Respiration STEP 3
- Electron Transport Chain
- H ions are stripped of their energy large
amounts of ATP are formed. - Takes place in the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion. - The used ions are combined with oxygen to form
H2O. - Also called oxidative phosphorylation
- http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
io231/
77Cellular Respiration STEP 3
- Electron Transport Chain
- e- energy pumps H to intermembrane space
- H concentration gradient builds
- NADH and FADH2 pass electrons (Hs) to water
- Flow of H to matrix through ATP synthase protein
channel ? ADP into ATP (34) - H and O make H2O
78Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES
MAKES
OCCURS
ATP
79Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES Glucose ATP (2) NAD
MAKES NADH ATP (4) 2 pyruvate
OCCURS Cytoplasm
ATP 2 NET (4 gross)
80Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES Glucose ATP (2) NAD Pyruvate (2) ?Acetyl Co-A (2)
MAKES NADH ATP (4) ATP CO2 NADH FADH2
OCCURS Cytoplasm Inner membrane of Mitochondria
ATP 2 NET (4 gross) 2 (1 for each Acetyl-coA)
81Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES Glucose ATP (2) NAD Pyruvate (2) ? Acetyl Co-A (2) NADH FADH2 O2
MAKES NADH ATP (4) CO2 NADH FADH2 H2O ATP (32)
OCCURS Cytoplasm Inner membrane of Mitochondria Inner membrane of Mitochondria
ATP 2 NET (4 gross) 2 (1 for each Acetyl-coA) 32
82Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
- C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O Energy
- (glucose) (breath) (used in photosyn.)
(ATPs)
83http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
io231/
84Heat
Electron Transport System
O2
ATP
H2O
NADH
NAD
CO2
citric acid cycle
Glucose
ATP
Pyruvate
MITOCHONDRION
ATP
85Sunlight
Heat
O2
Photo- System I
Photo- system II
Electron Transport System
ATP
H2O
ATP
NADP ADP
NADPH
NAD
NADH
CO2
Calvin
Citric Acid
Cycle
Cycle
ATP
Glucose
Pyruvate
CHLOROPLAST
MITOCHONDRION
86Sunlight
Heat
O2
Photo- System I
Photo- system II
Electron Transport System
ATP
H2O
ATP
NADP ADP
NADPH
NAD
NADH
Calvin
CO2
Cycle
Citric Acid
Cycle
ATP
Glucose
CHLOROPLAST
MITOCHONDRION
87Cellular respiration
88Energy efficiency
- Cellular respiration- 40
- Gasoline powered engine- 25
89What if O2 is not present?
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Making E without oxygen
- Glycolysis can still occur
- Its an ANAEROBIC AEROBIC process
- This is NOT efficient enough why?
- Two types of respiration occurring without
oxygen - Lactic Acid Formation
- Fermentation
90What if O2 is not present?
- Lactic acid fermentation in muscles
- When O2 runs out, but glucose is still starting
to break down into pyruvate - C6H12O6 4ADP 4Pi? 2CH3CHOHCOOH 4ATP
- (lactic acid/lactate)
- Note the ATP difference
- Converts pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid)
91What if O2 is not present?
- Alcoholic fermentation in plants (foods)
- Makes CO2 and ethanol (an alcohol)
- C6H12O6 4ADP 4Pi ? 2C2H5OH 2CO2 4ATP
- (ethnaol)
- Converts pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid)
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