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CELL ENERGY

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CELL ENERGY PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION How can cells replenish ATP? BUT To break the glucose we use 2 ATP s; so what is the net ATP from cellular ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CELL ENERGY


1
CELL ENERGY
  • PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION

2
All Cells Need Energy
  • Cells need energy to do a variety of work
  • Making new molecules (whats this called?)
  • Building membranes and organelles
  • Moving molecules in and out of the cell
  • Movement

3
Most Missed Midterm Question!
  • The bodys preferred energy source is ____.
  • A. Lipids
  • B. Proteins
  • C. Nucleic Acids
  • D. Carbohydrates
  • Correct answer D Carbohydrates!
  • Carbohydrates are easiest to be broken down to
    recharge ATP!!!
  • Truly the answer is ATP.

4
What energy sources can you think of?
  • Cars Gasoline
  • Cell Phone Battery
  • TV Electricity
  • Human Food
  • http//ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinati
    ng-story-of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten

5
Energy Flow
  • 2 types of energy reactions
  • ENDERGONIC
  • Require an INPUT of energy (stores E)
  • Build/Repair tissues
  • Cell reproduction
  • EXERGONIC
  • Release energy
  • Chemical reactions of the body give off E
  • Ex. Muscle contraction
  • Heat is released - EXERcise

6
Where Does A Cell Get Energy?
  • Food is broken down to a form the cell can use
    (glucose).
  • Extra energy is stored in an ATP molecule.

7
How is ATP/ADP Like a Cell Phone Battery?
8
What Is ATP?
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate is a molecule made
    up of
  • 1 Adenine (NH group amine group)
  • 1 Ribose Sugar
  • 3 phosphate groups

Adenine
phosphate groups
Ribose
9
How Does ATP Work?
  • Energy is stored in the bond between the second
    and third phosphate group.
  • When the bond is broken, energy is released and
    ADP is formed.

Adenine
Ribose
10
  • 9.1 ATP

11
Lets look at ATP and see how it works
  • LAB TIME Cell Energy/ATP Lab

12
ATP Energy Currency
  • Within a cell, formation of ATP from ADP and
    phosphate occurs over and over, storing and
    releasing energy.
  • As the cell uses energy, ATP breaks down
    repeatedly to release energy and form ADP and
    phosphate.

13
Adrenaline Rush.It must be my cAMP!
14
MAKING USING Energy
  • AUTOTROPHS
  • - BANK ATP in food photosynthesis
  • Release ATP from food cellular respiration
  • HETEROTROPHS
  • ACQUIRE BANKED ATP eating
  • Release ATP from food cellular respiration

15
MAKING USING Energy
  • PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • Endergonic stores energy
  • Takes place in cells with chloroplasts
  • Cellular respiration
  • Exergonic releases energy
  • Takes place in all living cells
  • Takes place in mitochondria

16
What level do we know things?
The What
The How
17
9.2 Photosynthesis
  • Trapping light energy (sun) and converting it to
    chemical energy (carbohydrate which one?)
  • Happens where?

18
Photosynthesis
  • Using light from the sun, plants combine water
    and carbon dioxide to make sugar .
  • General Equation
  • 6CO2 6H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6O2
  • Reactants Products

19
WHAT EXACTLY IS LIGHT?
  • Light visible spectrum
  • E travels in packets called photons
  • These photons travel in waves
  • The amount of energy in each packet depends on
    the wavelength (?)

20
The electromagnetic spectrum
21
WHAT EXACTLY IS LIGHT?
?
?
  • Short ? ____ E _____ frequency
  • Long ? _____ E ____ frequency
  • ?s range (for visible light) 400-700nm
  • (violet-red)
  • Molecules can either _______ the entire photon or
    not (______)

?
?
absorb
reflect
22
Figure 10.7 Determining an absorption spectrum
23
Why leaves are green interaction of light with
chloroplasts
24
How do plants capture light?
  • Plants have 2 light-capturing pigments
  • 1. Chloroplasts Chlorophyll
  • Absorb red, blue
  • Reflect 500-600nm (green)
  • 2. Carotenoids
  • Absorb light blue, green
  • Reflect yellow, orange, red

25
The structure of the chloroplasts
  • Each is surrounded by a double-membrane envelope
  • Thylakoid
  • Stroma
  • Grana
  • The pigment is chlorophyll
  • Comes in 2 forms
  • Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B

26
Photosynthesis
  • Sets of Reactions (steps)
  • 1. Light Reactions
  • Light dependent
  • 2. Calvin Cycle (Melvin Calvin)
  • Light independent
  • dark reactions

27
1. Light Reactions
  • Occurs in the grana/thylakoids chlorophyll
  • Light E ? Chemical E (ATP)

28
1. Light Reactions
  • 1. Light absorbs into 2 reaction centers
  • 680nm 700nm
  • (photosystem II) (photosystem I)
  • 2. Electrons are energized excited by light

29
Excitation of chlorophyll by light
30
1. Light Reactions
  • 1. Light absorbs into 2 reaction centers
  • 680nm 700nm
  • (photosystem II) (photosystem I)
  • 2. Electrons are energized excited
  • 3. P680 energy splits H2O Releases H O
  • 4. Excited e-s convert ADP to ATP
  • 5. P700 e-s convert NADP to NADPH
  • NADP is a carrier molecule (used in dark
    reactions)

31
http//www.cst.cmich.edu/users/baile1re/bio101fall
/enzphoto/photoanima.htm
32
Photosystems
  • Light harvesting units of the thylakoid membrane
  • Composed mainly of protein and pigment antenna
    complexes
  • Antenna pigment molecules are struck by photons
  • Energy is passed to reaction centers
  • e-s are excited and passed through an electron
    transport system
  • A series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane

33
Electron Transport
  • photons excite chlorophyll e-
  • e-s travel to Photosystem I down an electron
    transport chain
  • as e-s fall, ADP forms ATP

34
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40
1. Light Reactions
  • Light Reactions Summary
  • Light energy is converted to chemical energy to
    split hydrogen from water.
  • Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the
    coin-like stacks of thylakoids).
  • Byproducts are
  • Oxygen waste
  • NADPH/ATP used in the dark reactions

41
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42
Part 2 of PhotosynthesisLight Independent
(dark) reactions
43
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44
2. Light Independent Reactions
  • Calvin Cycle
  • ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used
    along with CO2 to form a simple sugar (glucose).
  • Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts
    (the liquid filling).
  • Byproducts are
  • C6H12O6 (glucose)
  • ADP and NADP (which return to the light
    reactions).

45
http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070960526/s
tudent_view0/chapter5/animation_quiz_1.html
46
The Calvin cycle
  • 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into
    glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
  • Phases 1- Carbon fixation each CO2 is
    attached to RuBP (rubisco enzyme)
  • 2- Reduction electrons H from NADPH reduces
    to G3P ATP used up
  • 3- Regeneration G3P rearranged to
    RuBP ATP used cycle continues

47
Calvin Cycle, net synthesis
  • For each G3P (and for 3 CO2). Consumption of
    9 ATPs 6 NADPH (light reactions regenerate
    these molecules)
  • G3P can then be used by the plant to make glucose
    and other organic compounds
  • Carbohydrates!

48
Figure 10.17 The Calvin cycle (Layer 1)
49
Figure 10.17 The Calvin cycle (Layer 2)
50
Figure 10.17 The Calvin cycle (Layer 3)
51
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52
Sunlight
O2
Photosystem I II
H2O
ATP
NADP ADP
NADPH
CO2
Calvin cycle
Glucose
CHLOROPLAST
53
Photosynthesis an overview
  • H2O is split, e- (along w/ H) are transferred to
    CO2, reducing it to sugar
  • 2 major steps
  • light reactions (photo) energy made
  • NADP (electron acceptor) to NADPH
  • Photophosphorylation ADP ---gt ATP
  • Calvin cycle (synthesis) carbohydrate is
    made
  • Carbon fixation carbon into sugars
  • http//www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/
    metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

54
Photosynthesis
  • Using light from the sun, plants combine water
    and carbon dioxide to make sugar .
  • General Equation
  • 6CO2 6H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6O2
  • Reactants Products

55
Tracking atoms through photosynthesis
Released Oxygen came from Water!!!!
56
Desert Plant Adaptation
  • -Plants must conserve H2O
  • -Opening stoma on leaves of plant CO2 BUT water
    diffuses out!
  • -Hot/dry days - stomata close CO2 decrease, no
    ATP or food generated
  • Solution..

57
Alternative carbon fixation methods, II
  • CAM plants open stomata during night, close
    during day (crassulacean acid metabolism) cacti,
    pineapples, etc.
  • Less water loss
  • Photo (day) store energy
  • Synthesis (night) make sugar

58
  • Post Lecture Questions Answer on separate sheet
  • 1. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
  • 2. What are the reactants of the light reactions?
  • 3. What are the products of the light reactions?
  • 4. What is the purpose of NADPH and ATP in
    photosynthesis?
  • 5. What are the reactants of the
    light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?
  • 6. What are the products of the light-independent
    reaction (Calvin Cycle)?
  • 7. Which step of photosynthesis is exergonic?
  • 8. Which step of photosynthesis is endergonic?

59
Formative Review
  • Summarize the 2 reactions (Light Dark/Calvin)
    using the following words
  • Light
  • CO2
  • ADP
  • NADP
  • NADPH
  • Water
  • ATP
  • Carbohydrate
  • e-
  • H

60
Formative Review Example
  • In the light reactions, water is split using the
    energy from light. Light excites the electrons
    from water, which catalyze the reaction of ADP
    back to ATP. The H atoms and e from water are
    then picked up by the electron carrier molecule
    NADP which becomes NADPH and taken to the Calvin
    Cycle.
  • In the Calvin Cycle, the e- and H from NADPH are
    added to CO2 using the energy from ATP to build a
    carbohydrate.

61
Switch it, Grade it
  • Every word used right (correctly in the right
    step) is 10 pts only count once
  • What did they score?

62
Nutrient adaptation
  • Nutrients necessary for plant health
  • ATP, NADPH contain Nitrogen, Phosphorous (common
    in fertilizer)
  • Carnivorous plants seeking nutrients!

63
Photosynthesis the BIG picturePlants in
SPACE?!?!
64
  • 5.3 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical
    Energy to Make ATP

65
How can cells replenish ATP?
  • CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  • uses food and breathing to make E
  • (glucose) (oxygen) (ATP)
  • ? THE GENERAL EQUATION
  • C6H12O6 6O2 38ADP 38Pi ?
  • 6CO2 6H2O 38ATP

66
How can cells replenish ATP?
  • BUT
  • To break the glucose we use 2 ATPs so what is
    the net ATP from cellular respiration?
  • NOTE Some energy is lost by heat
  • Cellular Respiration takes the energy in glucose
    to make ATPs
  • Aerobic Respiration Using oxygen to make Energy

67
Cellular Respiration
  • 3 Steps
  • Glycolysis
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • Also called oxidative phosphorylation

68
Cellular Respiration STEP 1
  • Glycolysis
  • Oxygen is NOT required!
  • Glucose is split to form pyruvate.
  • Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  • ATP is a byproduct.
  • http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
    io231/

69
Cellular Respiration STEP 1
  • Glycolysis
  • Glucose 2ATP 2NAD ?2 Pyruvic Acid 4ATP
    2NADH
  • (pyruvate)
  • Not very efficient to make more ATP cells must
    move on to step II and III (only if O2 is
    present)
  • NAD Coenzyme which carries electrons (Hs) to
    make NADH (used later to make ATP)

Why is this only 2 ATP?
70
Cellular Respiration STEP 1
  • Pyruvate now moves into the mitochondria step 2

71
Cellular Respiration STEP 2
  • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
  • Pyruvate is used to build citric acid (a carbon
    compound), which is broken down to release ATP.
  • Takes place in the cristae (the folded membrane
    in the mitochondrion).
  • CO2 is released
  • NADH FADH2 carry hydrogen ions electrons to
    the electron transport chain (step 3)
  • http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
    io231/

72
Mitochondrion
73
Cellular Respiration STEP 2
  • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
  • Pyruvic acid oxidizes (breaks) into Acetyl-CoA
  • happens PRIOR to the cycle
  • Also made NADHs, FADH2, GTP (converts to ATP)

74
Formation of Acetyl CoA
75
Cellular Respiration STEP 2
  • CITRIC ACID CYCLE
  • 2-C (acetyl-coA) 4-C (oxaloacetic acid) 6-C
    (citric acid)
  • The 4-C molecule is recycled
  • Releasing 2 Cs as.
  • Cycle turns twice WHY?

76
Cellular Respiration STEP 3
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • H ions are stripped of their energy large
    amounts of ATP are formed.
  • Takes place in the inner membrane of the
    mitochondrion.
  • The used ions are combined with oxygen to form
    H2O.
  • Also called oxidative phosphorylation
  • http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
    io231/

77
Cellular Respiration STEP 3
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • e- energy pumps H to intermembrane space
  • H concentration gradient builds
  • NADH and FADH2 pass electrons (Hs) to water
  • Flow of H to matrix through ATP synthase protein
    channel ? ADP into ATP (34)
  • H and O make H2O

78
Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES
MAKES
OCCURS
ATP
79
Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES Glucose ATP (2) NAD
MAKES NADH ATP (4) 2 pyruvate
OCCURS Cytoplasm
ATP 2 NET (4 gross)
80
Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES Glucose ATP (2) NAD Pyruvate (2) ?Acetyl Co-A (2)
MAKES NADH ATP (4) ATP CO2 NADH FADH2
OCCURS Cytoplasm Inner membrane of Mitochondria
ATP 2 NET (4 gross) 2 (1 for each Acetyl-coA)
81
Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
USES Glucose ATP (2) NAD Pyruvate (2) ? Acetyl Co-A (2) NADH FADH2 O2
MAKES NADH ATP (4) CO2 NADH FADH2 H2O ATP (32)
OCCURS Cytoplasm Inner membrane of Mitochondria Inner membrane of Mitochondria
ATP 2 NET (4 gross) 2 (1 for each Acetyl-coA) 32
82
Cellular Respiration SUMMARY
  • C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O Energy
  • (glucose) (breath) (used in photosyn.)
    (ATPs)

83
http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
io231/
84
Heat
Electron Transport System
O2
ATP
H2O
NADH
NAD
CO2
citric acid cycle
Glucose
ATP
Pyruvate
MITOCHONDRION
ATP
85
Sunlight
Heat
O2
Photo- System I
Photo- system II
Electron Transport System
ATP
H2O
ATP
NADP ADP
NADPH
NAD
NADH
CO2
Calvin
Citric Acid
Cycle
Cycle
ATP
Glucose
Pyruvate
CHLOROPLAST
MITOCHONDRION
86
Sunlight
Heat
O2
Photo- System I
Photo- system II
Electron Transport System
ATP
H2O
ATP
NADP ADP
NADPH
NAD
NADH
Calvin
CO2
Cycle
Citric Acid
Cycle
ATP
Glucose
CHLOROPLAST
MITOCHONDRION
87
Cellular respiration
88
Energy efficiency
  • Cellular respiration- 40
  • Gasoline powered engine- 25

89
What if O2 is not present?
  • Anaerobic Respiration
  • Making E without oxygen
  • Glycolysis can still occur
  • Its an ANAEROBIC AEROBIC process
  • This is NOT efficient enough why?
  • Two types of respiration occurring without
    oxygen
  • Lactic Acid Formation
  • Fermentation

90
What if O2 is not present?
  • Lactic acid fermentation in muscles
  • When O2 runs out, but glucose is still starting
    to break down into pyruvate
  • C6H12O6 4ADP 4Pi? 2CH3CHOHCOOH 4ATP
  • (lactic acid/lactate)
  • Note the ATP difference
  • Converts pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid)

91
What if O2 is not present?
  • Alcoholic fermentation in plants (foods)
  • Makes CO2 and ethanol (an alcohol)
  • C6H12O6 4ADP 4Pi ? 2C2H5OH 2CO2 4ATP
  • (ethnaol)
  • Converts pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid)

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