Physical-chemical properties and chemical composition of normal urine.

1

• Physical-chemical properties and chemical
  composition of normal urine.

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
PROPERTIES OF URINE Amount 1500-2000
mL/day Poliuria diabetes mellitus and
insipidus Oliguria heart failure, nephritis,
vomiting, fever Anuria kidney failure, acute
intoxication by heavy metals Color
straw-yellow Pale poliuria (diabetes
insipidud) Dark jaundice, concentrated
urine Red blood available Green-blue decay of
proteins in the intestine Transparency
transparent Cloudy pus or mucin available
5
Density 1,003-1,035 g/mL Increased density
organic or inorganic substances available
(diabetes mellitus) Decreased density diabetes
insipidus Isostenuria continuously low density
in oliguria (kidney failure) pH
5.5-6.8 Acidic meat food, diabetes mellitus,
starvation, fever Alkaline plant food,
cystitis, pyelitis
6

• Urine formation
• Structures responsible for the urine formation
• glomeruli,
• proximal canaliculi,
• distal canaliculi.

• Mechanism of urine formation
• filtration
• reabsorption
• secretion

7

• Mechanisms of elimination
• filtration
• reabsorption
• excretion

8
Filtration Takes place in glomeruli.
Substances with molecular mass below 40,000 Da
pass through the membrane of glomerulus into
capsula.
About 120 mL/min or 180 L/day of blood is
filtrated. Filtration passive process. After
filtration primary urine (180 L/day)
9
Filtration is caused by -hydrostatic pressure
of blood in capillaries of glomeruli (70 mm
Hg) -oncotic pressure of blood plasma proteins
(30 mm Hg) -hydrostatic pressure of ultrafiltrate
in capsule (20 mm Hg) 70 mm Hg-(30 mm Hg20 mm
Hg)20 mm Hg Hydrostatic pressure in glomeruli
is determined by the ratio between diameter of
ascendant and descendant arteriole
10
Reabsorption Takes place in proximal and distal
canaliculi. What is reabsorbed? Glucose (100),
amino acids (93), water (98), NaCl (70) etc.
The urine is concentrated (toxins damages the
proximal canaliculi)

• Reabsorption
• active
• passive.
• Lipophilic substances - passive.
• Na/K ??P-?se is very active

11
Secretion Transport of substances from blood
into filtrate.

• Takes place in proximal and distal canaliculi.
• Secretion
• active
• passive.
• Passive secretion depends on the pH.
• What is secreted?
• Ions of K, ?mmonia, H
• drugs
• xenobiotics