Fig. 34-0a

1
Fig. 34-0a
Ecology and the biosphere
2
Fig. 34-1c
Ecology describes the interaction among organisms
and environment
Biotic biological community of organisms
Abiotic physical and chemical envrionment
(climate, soil, air, water)
3
Fig. 34-5a
North Pole 60N
Low angle of incoming sunlight
The climate drives the composition of biological
communities
30N Tropic of Cancer
Sunlight strikes most directly
0 (equator)
Tropic of Capricorn 30S
Low angle of incoming sunlight
60S South Pole
Atmosphere
4
Fig. 34-5b
March equinox (equator faces sun directly)
June solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward
sun)
Constant tilt of 23.5
December solstice (Northern Hemisphere
tilts away from sun)
September equinox
5
Fig. 34-5c
Descending dry air absorbs moisture
Descending dry air absorbs moisture
Ascending moist air releases moisture
Trade winds
Trade winds
Doldrums 0
23.5
23.5
30
30
Temperate zone
Temperate zone
Tropics
6
Fig. 34-5d
Global wind patterns
7
Fig. 34-5e
Global ocean currents (here shown for Atlantic
Ocean)
8
Fig. 34-5f
Climate is an important adaptive feature for all
organisms
Wind direction
East
Pacific Ocean
Rain shadow Desert
Sierra Nevada
Coast Range
9
Fig. 34-6a
The ecological niche is the result of adaptation
of organisms to community and environment
High water
Low water
Pelagic realm
Oarweed (to 2 m)
Man-of-war (to 50 m)
Turtle (60 to 180 cm)
Photic zone
Brain coral (to 1.8 m)
Intertidal zone
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Blue shark (to 2 m)
200 m
Continental shelf
Sponges (1 cm to 1 m)
Sperm whale (10 to 20 m)
Twilight
Sea pen (to 45 cm)
Hatchet fish (2 to 60 cm)
Octopus (to 10 m)
Aphotic zone
1,000 to 4,000 m
Gulper eel (to 180 cm)
Sea spider (1 to 90 cm)
Benthic realm
Rat-tail fish (to 80 cm)
(seafloor)
Glass sponge (to 1.8 m)
No light
Anglerfish (45 cm to 2 m)
Brittle star (to 60 cm)
6,000 to 10,000 m
Sea cucumber (to 40 cm)
Tripod fish (to 30 cm)
10
Fig. 34-8
Terrestrial biomes
Arctic circle
60N
30N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
30S
High mountains
Tropical forest
Temperate grassland
Savanna
Polar ice
Temperate broadleaf forest
Desert
Coniferous forest
Chaparral
Tundra
11
Fig. 34-9
Tropical forest
Near equator, warm, rain, dense tree growth,
canopies
12
Fig. 34-10
Savanna
Grass lands with scattered trees, periods of
drought
13
Fig. 34-11
Desert
Dryness, periodic rainfall, large temperature
fluctuations
14
Fig. 34-12
Chaparral
Shrubs, rainy winters, dry summers (Mediterranian)
15
Fig. 34-13
Grassland
Temperate grassland, tree less, cold winters,
fires
16
Fig. 34-14
Temperate forest
Broad leaf trees, cold winter, hot summer, rain
17
Fig. 34-15
Coniferous forest
Pine trees, cold winter, short wet summer, few
tree species
18
Fig. 34-16
Tundra
Tree less, little light, permafrost, shrubs,
grasses, mosses, lichens
19
Fig. 34-17
Global water cycle connects aquatic and
terrestrial biomes
Solar heat
Net movement of water vapor by wind
Water vapor over the land
Water vapor over the sea
Precipitation over the land
Precipitation over the sea
Evaporation from the sea
Evaporation and transpiration
Oceans
Surface water and groundwater
Flow of water from land to sea