AP World Review

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AP World Review
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Test Format

• Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes
• 55 Minutes for 70 Multiple Choice Questions
• Break
• 50 Minutes for Document Based Question (10
  minutes for Reading and Evaluating Documents)
• 40 Minutes for Change Over Time Essay
• 40 Minutes for Comparative Essay Question

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Grading

• 70 Multiple Choice Questions 1/2 Score
• Document Based Question 16.66 of Score
• Change Over Time Essay 16.66 of Score
• Comparative Essay 16.66 of Score
• Essays Graded on Scale of 0 to 9

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What do the questions look like

• The questions fall into 6 basic categories, which
  are as follows
• Identification (35-40 of the test) - simply test
  whether you know a fact, or facts.
• Analytical (20-25 of the test) - makes you think
  about relationships, see connections, place in
  order.
• Quotation Based (10 or less of the test) - match
  the quote with the appropriate person.

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• Image Interpretation (10 or less of the test) -
  determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning.
• Map Based Questions (10 or less of the test) -
  identify what a map shows, or interpret it's
  purpose.
• Graph Chart Interpretation (10 or less of the
  test) - interpret answer from data given in chart
  form.

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Six Themes

• 1. The impact of interaction among major
  societies. Such as Trade, International Exchange,
  War, and Diplomacy
• 2. The Relationship of Change and Continuity
  across the periods of World History
• 3. Impact of Technology and Demography on People
  and the Environment Including Population change,
  Manufacturing, Agriculture, etc.

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Six Themes

• 4. Systems of Organization and Gender Structure
• 5. Cultural and Intellectual Development and
  Interactions among Societies
• 6. Change over time in functions and structures
  of Political States

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Time Frames

• Prehistory to 600 C.E 10 or less Questions
• 600 C.E-1450 C.E 22 of Questions
• 1450 C.E- 1750 C.E 19-20 of Questions
• 1750 C.E- 1914 C.E 19-20 of Questions
• 1914-Present 19-20 of Questions

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Bookends of Foundation Period8000 BCE 600 CE

• 8000 BCE marks the Neolithic civilization and
  the development of four river valley
  civilizations
• 600 CE marks the time which classical empires fall

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Building Blocks of Civilization

• What is a Civilization?
• Economic System
• Political Organization
• Moral Code (Religion)
• Written Language and Intellectual Tradition
• Division of labor

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PreHistory History

• Presence of a written language
• Writing is essential for record keeping,
  bureaucracy, commerce, and accumulating
  knowledge
• it makes possible more varied cultural forms.
• Writing also led to new social divisions based on
  selective literacy.
• Scribes
• Scholarly gentry
• Dark Age
• Art of writing has developed and been lost

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Environmental determinism

• Relationship between culture of a civilization,
  success and stability
• How does the culture react to the environment or
  environmental change
• Technology
• Movement of peoples into and out of the area
• Crossroads vs. isolation

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River Valley Civilizations

• China
• Yellow River valley
• Shang China first dynasty
• Develop in isolation w/ minimal contact with
  India and Middle East

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River Valley Civilizations

• China
• Became the subject of many legends in later
  Chinese history
• Monarchy
• Bronze work, silk making, pottery, jade,
  elaborate intellectual life, writing, interest in
  science and technology

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Political structure tied to social order and
culture by Confucianism

• Confucianism emphasized order, hierarchy, and
  deference, including specific injunctions to obey
  the emperor.
• Bureaucracy aimed to alleviate political
  instability, difficulties of centrally
  controlling outlying provinces, and related
  competition among landed aristocrats for power
  and influence.

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Classical Civilizations and great empires

• Mesoamerican
• Andean
• Han
• Gupta

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Change from River Valleys to Classical Civs

• 1000 BCE
• LocationChina, India, Mediterranean World
• New/renewed civs that were durable
• Left the most substantial impacts and legacies
• Set in motion key values and institutions that
  extend well beyond the classical period
• All 3 built on achievements of the River valley
  civs.

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• Classical civs not a continuation of ancient
  river valleys
• Change political centers
• Improve technology
• Est. More elaborate philosophical and religious
  traditions
• Expand science and math
• Set up methods for territorial expansion and
  embraced a diverse group of people
• Integrated aspects of their institutions and
  traditions
• Each civ operated separately despite contacts
  with each other
• Greece/IndiaAlexander the Great
• Rome/ChinaSilk Road

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Mesoamerica
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Mesoamerica

• The area from north central Mexico to Nicaragua
• Beginning about 5,000 BCE, domesticated certain
  plants beans, peppers, avocados, and squash.
• Maize dominated the diet of these agricultural
  peoples
• Later innovations such as pottery took place
  around 2000 BCE.

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Mesoamerica

• When Shang dynasty ruled in China, permanent
  sedentary villages based on some agriculture
  appeared. There were small, modest settlements
  without much hierarchy or social differentiation
  and a lack of craft specialization.
• Numbers of villages rose proliferated and
  population densities rose.

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Olmec
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Olmec

• 1400 BCE to 500 BCE
• Suddenly appeared
• They had irrigated agriculture, impressive
  drainage systems, monumental sculpture, urbanism
  and beginnings of calendar and writing systems
  (carved inscriptions).

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Olmec

• Giant stone heads were found in ruins. No one
  knows how the 40-ton sculptures were moved from
  the quarries without wheeled vehicles or draft
  animals. All of these attest to a high degree of
  social organization and artistic skill.
• Called the Mother Civilization of Mesoamerica

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Olmec
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Olmec

• They provided the basis of a state ruled by a
  hereditary elite in which the ceremonialism of a
  complex religious dominated life.
• Powerful class of priests and aristocrats stood
  at top of society
• Most important tradition of priestly leadership
  and religious devotion that became a basic part
  of later Middle American civilization.
• Did not build true cities built ceremonial
  centers made of pyramid shaped temples and other
  buildings

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Olmec

• People came for nearby farming villages to work
  on the temples or attend religious ceremonies
• Through trade, Olmec influence spread over a wide
  area
• Great carvers of jade and traded or conquered to
  get it.

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Olmec

• Know one knows what happened to cause their
  decline mystery.
• Some scholars think they are ancestors to the
  great Maya civilizations that followed.

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Andean World

• From the coast to the Andes Mountains
• Potatoes and maize grown grazing for llamas and
  alpacas

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Chavin
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Chavin

• 850 BCE built a huge temple complex stone
  carving and pottery show the Chavin people
  worshipped a god that was a part jaguar and part
  human with grinning catlike features
• Artisans worked in ceramics, textiles, and gold
  characterized.
• Used animals as decorations, often along scenes
  of war and violence.

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Chavin

• Some similarities with Olmecs (possible Amazonian
  lowland origin for both)
• Warfare seems to indicate a general process
  with the development of agriculture and a limited
  amount of arable land, it becomes necessary to
  organize irrigation and create political
  authority and eventually states that could
  mobilize to protect or expand the available land.
• Influenced later peoples of Peru

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Chavin

• By 300 BCE Chavin in decline
• Andean world became characterized by regional
  centers without political unity but great art.
• Wide variety of crops, domestication of the llama
  and related animals, dense populations, and
  hierarchal societies could be found in many
  places.

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Nazca
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Nazca

• Weavers
• Great figures of various animals, which cover
  100s of feet and can be seen only from the air
• Also great straight lines or paths that cut
  across plains and seem to go towards mountains or
  celestial points no one know why they were
  drawn

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Mochica
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Mochica

• Skilled farmers developing terracing, irrigation,
  and fertilization of the soil
• Leaders built roads and organized networks of
  relay runners to carry messages
• To build one temple had to produce 130 million
  bricks
• Textile, goldworking, woodcarving
• Potters decorated with scenes of everyday life
  including battle, music, and textile produced on
  small looms.

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Mochica
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Mochica
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Mochica
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Han Dynasty
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Han Dynasty

• Strongest and longest dynasty
• Expansionist Empire
• Postal system
• Roads
• Defensive fortifications
• Had to protect the expanding borders some that
  encouraged trade along the silk road
• Silk road brought bandits that threatened the
  outer borders of the Han dynasty

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Silk Road
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Han Decline

• 100 CE
• Nomadic tribes topple Han China
• Central government control diminished and corrupt
  bureaucracy
• Local landlords took up the slack by ruling their
  own neighborhoods
• People heavily taxed
• Increased social unrest

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Han Decline

• Daoist revolutionary effort 184 CE Yellow
  Turbans promised a golden age that would come
  via divine magic
• 30,000 students demonstrated against decline of
  government morality
• Failed BUT decline continued into civil war.

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Factors of the Han Decline

• Political ineffectiveness
• Spread of devastating epidemic - killed ½ of
  population leading to three centuries of chaos

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India

• Aryans
• Nomadic Group invaded India
• Earliest Europeans
• Conquered the Dravidians (Dark Skinned Indians)
• Established Warrior Aristocracy
• Established Sanskrit
• Vedic Era and Early Hindu faith
• Dont forget about the Caste System!!!

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Mauryan Empire
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India Continued

• India is Region
• 600BCE 16 Regional Empires
• Mauryan empire 322BCE
• Began by Chandragupta Maurya
• Ashoka famous Emperor
• Extended control to Southern tip of India
• Converted to Buddhism
• Collapsed from outside attacks

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Gupta Empire
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Gupta Empire

• 320 CE
• Greatest period of political stability
• Negotiated with local princes, intermarry with
  their families and expand influence w/o constant
  fighting

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Gupta Empire

• Created a demanding taxation system
• No bureaucracy and allowed regional leaders to
  maintain control
• There was a Gupta rep. at each local princes
  court to ensure loyalty
• Promoted Sanskrit
• Uniform law codes
• Golden Age

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Gupta Empire Political Culture

• Not elaborate
• Regional
• Buddhism provides ethnic code
• Tightly knit villages
• Caste system provided a way for conquered and
  conquerors to live together
• Caste system limited political development b/c of
  strict social rules loyalty to caste above all

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Decline of Gupta Empire

• Between 200 and 600 CE suffered outside invasions
• Gupta overthrown by Huns b/c hadnt solved
  tendency to dissolve into political fragmentation
• Emperors having trouble controlling local princes
  since 5th century

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Gupta Decline

• N. India affected by constant nomadic invasions
• Eventually push further into central India
  destroying the empire
• Nomads became integrated into the warrior caste
  and regional control resumed

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Societal comparison

• China's society featured less rigid structure,
  slightly more opportunity for mobility although
  there was some mobility within castes
• different rules and cultural enforcements
• Law of Manu vrs. Confucianism
• different regard for merchants and specific
  contrasts in the definition and function of "mean
  people" versus untouchables.
• Dharma encouraged merchants in Gupta
• Merchants brought outside cultures and were not
  socially accepted

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Environmental Determinism

• India was more open to contact and invasion and
  less internally coherent (interior mountains
  etc), which helps explain the differences in
  openness to influence, and political stability
• India absorbed other cultures while China remains
  ethnically homogeneous (90 of all Chinese
  trace their ancestry back to the Han dynasty)

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Post Classical Middle Ages600-1450

• Americas
• East to West
• Mongolians
• Connections

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The Bookends

• 600- great classical empires have fallen.
• 632- Coming of Islam
• 1000- trade increases both by land and sea.
• 1450- Fall of Constantinople and decline of Silk
  roads
• 1450- Europe looks westward toward the Atlantic

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Incas
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Incas

• Peru
• 1400s-1535

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Inca Government

• Government emperor is the Inca god-king owned
  all the land, herds, mines, and people
• Nobles ruled the provinces along with local
  chieftains whom the Inca had conquered
• Below them officials carried out taxes and laws

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Inca

• Own language and religion
• Great road system -12,000 miles, bridges, steps
  (more impressive than Romes)
• It moved armies and news using relay runners to
  carry messages
• Kept soldiers at outposts to crush rebels

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Inca capital

• Cuzco - Capital
• Temple of the Sun (no mortar, survived
  earthquakes) is there

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Inca Daily Life

• Farming - terraces
• Metalworking
• Medical advances antiseptics and anesthesia
• Religion
• polytheistic linked to nature
• Inti Chief god - Sun god

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Maya
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Maya

• Influenced by the Olmec
• Yucatan in Mexico through much of Central America
• 600- 900

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Maya

• Farming cleared rainforest and built raised
  fields and channels to drain excess water grew
  corn and other crops
• Temples and palaces - Very tall used for
  sacrifices to gods carvings recorded history

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Maya

• Social classes each city had own ruling chief
• Nobles military and officials (collected taxes,
  enforced laws)
• Women occasionally governed on own or in name of
  son
• Priests great power only they could conduct
  religious ceremonies
• Farmers corn, beans, squash, fruit, cotton,
  flowers paid taxes in food and helped build
  temples

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Maya

• Hieroglyphic writing style scribes
• Expert mathematicians and astronomers
• 365-day calendar
• Numbering system and understood concept of zero

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Maya decline

• Around 900 CE, abandoned cities to be swallowed
  up by jungles
• Why??? Possibly warfare, overpopulation led to
  soil exhaustion, revolts

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Aztecs
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Aztecs

• Toltecs 1000 1200
• In 1200s, band of nomadic people (the ancestors
  to the Aztecs) migrated into the Valley of Mexico
  from the north and destroyed Toltecs
• Settled at Lake Texcoco due to legend (eagle on
  a cactus with a snake in beak)
• Aztecs 1200s-1521

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Aztecs
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Aztecs

• Shifted from hunting to farming and built
  Tenochititlan (Mexico City)
• used military and ideological force to dominate a
  large part of ancient Mexico
• actually multiethnic 
• The Aztecs had a highly centralized, tribute
  state based on the extraction of labor and goods
  from conquered populations

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• Aztecs continue the culture of the classical
  Mesoamerican civilization and the Toltecs
• Toltecs considered givers of civilization
• shared same language
• use of human sacrifice
• establishment of empire centered on central
  Mexico
• militarism of society
• concept of nobility tied to Toltec lineage
  initially
• use of city-state organization
• temple complexes associated with state many
  deities of pantheon of gods
• tribute based on sedentary agricultural system
• cyclical view of history and calendar system

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Aztec

• Farming built chinampas artificial islands
  that are anchored to the lake bed. Floating
  gardens - corn, squash, and beans
• Filled in parts of lake and made canals for
  transportation

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Tenochtitlan

• Urban commercial center
• Central zone of palaces and temples surrounded by
  residential districts, smaller palaces, and
  markets
• Heart of the empire and drew tribute and support
  from allies and dependants

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Aztecs

• 1400s, greatly expanded territory through war and
  alliances
• By 1500 30 million people

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Aztec Government

• Single Ruler chosen by a council of nobles and
  priests
• Nobles served as officials, judges, and governors
• Warriors rise to noble status by killing or
  capturing enemy soldiers
• Commoners who farmed
• Slaves criminals or prisoners of war

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Aztec Religion

• Priests are a class apart
• Performed rituals for gods to keep away droughts
• Chief God sun god
• To give sun strength to rise massive human
  sacrifices
• Warfare is used to get sacrificial victims

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Aztec Human Sacrifices

• To give sun strength to rise massive human
  sacrifices
• greatly exaggerated by the Spanish as a means of
  validating European conquest and cultural
  superiority
• religious act essential to the grant of rain,
  sun, and other blessings of the gods
• an intentional use of a widespread practice to
  terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower
  classes subordinate
• form of population control to lower population
  density
• response to a lack of protein and the absence of
  large mammals associated with animal sacrifice.

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Aztec Learning

• Priests keepers of knowledge
• Ran schools for sons of nobles
• Accurate calendar
• Herbs and medicines

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Aztec

• 1519 Spanish reached Tenochtitlan with Cortes
• Allies from conquered people
• Defeated by Spanish

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Incas and Aztec EmpiresPolitical Structures

• Similarities
• each had emperor supported by nobility that
  served as personnel of state
• both based on tribute system with imperial
  redistribution of goods
• both were militaristic
• each recognized indigenous rulers in return for
  recognition of imperial sovereignty
• Differences
• Inca empire more integrated
• Aztec empire based more on concept of city-states
  
• Aztec empire more open to trade
• Inca empire almost entirely relied on state
  redistribution of goods
• Aztec use of human sacrifice as weapon of
  political terror

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East Asia

• Era of Division (6 Dynasties Period)
• dominated by political division among many small
  warring states often ruled by nomadic invaders
• period of Buddhist dominance
• growth of monastic movement
• loss of imperial centralization
• loss of dominance of scholar-gentry in favor of
  militarized aristocracy (dark age).

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Sui-Tang

• return to centralized administration, unified
  empire
• reconstruction of bureaucracy
• reconstruction of Confucian scholar-gentry at
  expense of both Buddhists and aristocracy
• restoration of Confucianism as central ideology
  of state

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Tang and Song Dynasties
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Tang and Song China(Chinas Golden Age)

• Restoration of imperial government implied
  strengthening of traditional schools of
  Confucianism and resuscitation of scholar-gentry
• Confucians attacked Buddhism as a foreign
  innovation in China
• convinced emperors that monastic control of land
  represented an economic threat
• persecution of Buddhists introduced in 840s.

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Elements of Tang-Song economic prosperity

• The full incorporation of southern China into the
  economy as a major food-producing region, center
  of trade
• commercial expansion with West, southern Asia,
  southeast Asia
• establishment of Chinese merchant marine
• development of new commercial organization and
  credit per acre
• expanded urbanization throughout China

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Satellite Cultures of China

• Why was China unable to assimilate the Vietnamese
  despite direct rule for almost a millennium?
• Vietnamese culturally different from the outset
• different language
• tradition of local authority inherent in village
  leaders
• emphasis on nuclear family rather than typically
  Chinese extended families
• higher status accorded to women

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Satellite Cultures of China

• Chinese able to exert some influence on
• introduction of central administration based on
  Confucian exam system
• some introduction of extended family and ancestor
  worship
• use of Chinese military organization
• ultimate failure based on inability to impact
  Vietnamese peasantry who remained significant on
  local level
• only Buddhism impacted peasantry

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• Chinese culture in relation to its satellite
  civilizations
• Chinese culture extended only within semi-closed
  East Asian cultural system
• unlike Islam that spread from the Middle East to
  Africa and to South and Southeast Asia
• unlike common cultural exchanges between Islam
  and post-classical West
• East Asian cultural exchange occurred in
  semi-isolation from other global cultures.

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The Mongolian Empire
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Mongol expansion

• Khanates
• Ghengis
• brought all the nomadic tribes of Mongolia under
  the rule of himself and his family
• rigidly disciplined military state
• turned his attention toward the settled peoples
  beyond the borders of his nomadic realm
• began the series of campaigns of plunder and
  conquest that eventually led to the establishment
  of the great Mongol Empire.

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Mongol expansion

• The four most significant legacies of Chinggis
  Khan are
• tolerance of many religions
• creation of the Mongols' first script
• support for trade and crafts
• creation of a legal code specific to the Mongols'
  pastoral-nomadic way of life

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• Khubilai
• Conquest of China Yuan Dynasty
• Grandson of Chinggis Khan
• Khubilai Khan was an important transitional
  figure in Mongol history
• sought to rule and not merely conquer the
  vast domains that the Mongols had subjugated

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• Mongol Advances
• Stirrup
• A special wood-and-leather saddle allowed the
  horses to bear the weight of their riders for
  long periods
• permitted the riders to retain a firm seat
• a sturdy stirrup enabled horsemen to be sturdier
  and thus more accurate in shooting when mounted
• Advance horse warfare
• the horses were fast and flexible
• Used hit-and-run raids
• The Mongols had developed a composite bow made
  out of sinew and horn and were skilled at
  shooting it while riding
• gave them the upper hand against ordinary foot
  soldiers
• range of more than 350 yards, the bow was
  superior to the contemporaneous English longbow,
  whose range was only 250 yards

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• Inclusion of conquered peoples
• Included Muslim scholars in their courts
• Willingness to rely on advisers particularly
  those who had worked with the Chinese
• Fall of Mongols
• Became too Chinese and sedentaryremoved from
  nomadic traditions
• Tried to invade Japan--failed
• Golden Horde and Il Khan (Persia)
• Conflict over religion
• Islam the majority religion oppressed by the
  Buddhist leaders
• Eventually will convert to Islam

102

• Mongol dynasty of China (the Yuan) attempt to
  alter the traditional Chinese social structure
• refused to reinstate the Confucian examination
  system-- attempt to destroy the social and
  political dominance of the scholar-gentry
• seconded by dividing the Chinese social structure
  ethnically
• Mongols and Islamic allies on top
• northern Chinese second
• ethnic Chinese and minorities at bottom
• in addition Mongols promoted social advance of
  artisans and merchants, who had been
  discriminated against in traditional Chinese
  society.

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• political impact of the Mongol conquests of
  Russia and the Islamic heartland similarities
• traditional political structure was removed and
  the path was smoothed for new political
  organization to take place
• In Russia, Kievan superiority was forever
  destroyed and Moscow was able to achieve
  political dominance among the petty kingdoms
  through its control of tribute and by becoming
  the seat of Russian Orthodoxy
• In Islam, the Abbasid dynasty was ended and the
  Seljuk Turks who had ruled through its additions
  was devastated opening the way for the rise of
  the Mameluks in Egypt and the Ottoman Turks in
  Asia Minor.

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Mongolians

• Territorial extent of the Mongol empire at its
  largest. How did this affect inter-cultural
  exchange?
• permitted free exchange of goods and ideas
  between global cultures along traditional routes
  of trade.

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RenaissanceEntrance into Modern World1300 - 1600

• Cultural Developments
• Humanism
• Scientific Revolution

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Humanism vs. Enlightenment1280ish to late 1600s
vs. 1650 to 1750ish

• Humanism (Age of Questioning)
• Emphasis on individual
• Classical works
• Centered in N. Italian city-states and traveled
  throughout world
• Elements include voluntary participation in civic
  affairs
• Spurred questioning attitude cultural
  advancements, scientific revolution, age of
  exploration, reformation

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• Enlightenment (application of humanism) Age of
  Reason
• Belief in human perfectibility,
• application of scientific discoveries to
  improvement of human condition
• reason was key to truth, while religion was
  afflicted with superstition
• changes in economy reflected in mass consumerism
  
• growth of reading clubs, coffee houses, and
  popular entertainment.
• Voltaire father of Enlightenment

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Islamic Empires

• Ottoman Empire
• Major leader, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
• Took over Constantinople
• Long decline
• Safavid Empire
• Persia
• Shiite Muslim
• Mughal Empire
• India
• Hindu Majority ruled by Muslims
• All Three Gunpowder Empires came from
  Mongols/Chinese

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JapanFrom Gempei Wars to Tokugawa Shogunate

• Gempei Wars - culmination of a decades-long
  conflict between the two clans over dominance of
  the Imperial court
• marked dominance of provincial military
  aristocracy over imperial court
• Minamoto family established first dominance with
  military government (or Bakufu) at Kamakura
• decline of central administration and
  scholar-gentry
• Hojo family dominated Bakufu

110
JapanFrom Gempei Wars to Tokugawa Shogunate

• finally Kamakura government overthrown by
  Ashikaga Shogunate
• all central authority dissipated during Onin War
  from 1467-1477
• initiated a long, drawn-out struggle for
  domination by individual daimyo, resulting in a
  mass power-struggle between the various houses to
  dominate the whole of Japan
• country divided up into 300 small kingdoms ruled
  by daimyos.
• Introduction of Portuguese in 1400s

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Japanese Shogunate

• Japanese feudalism
• Shogun (leader)
• Daimyo (powerful lordsshogun usually chosen
  from this group)
• Samurai (warriors)
• Bushido (feudal law)
• Shogunates
• Most Famous is Tokugawa Shogunate
• Dictatorship, Highly centralizedgovernment
• Confucian Ideas
• Closed Ports to trade caused economic collapse

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• Japanese Contact with West
• First step taken was persecution of Christians,
  then banning of Christianity in 1614
• after 1616 foreign merchants limited to few ports
• by 1640s, only Dutch and Chinese admitted at
  Deshima (Nagasaki Bay)

113

• in eighteenth century Neo-Confucian philosophy
  abandoned in favor of school of "National
  Learning" based on indigenous Japanese culture
• differed from Chinese in adopting European
  technological developments.

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East Asian Exploration and Isolation (Xenophobic)

• Ming
• returned to use of Neo-Confucian philosophy as
  basis of culture
• restored position of scholar-gentry
• reinstituted examination system as basis of civil
  service.
• Early emperors attempted to curtail power of
  scholar-gentry
• potential rivals to succession exiled to
  provinces
• greatest economic reform was Zhenghe voyages to
  distant markets

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Women

• Different status for Elite and Working women
• Think noble versus serf/peasant

116
Women

• During middle ages, new limits on the conditions
  of women
• In some respects, women in the west had higher
  status than their sisters in Islam
• Less segregated in religious services (although
  could not lead them)
• Less confined to the household

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Women

• Still womens voices in the family may have
  declined in the Middle Ages
• Urban women played important roles in local
  commerce and even operated some craft guilds, but
  found themselves increasingly hemmed in by
  male-dominated organizations
• Patriarchal structures take deeper root.

118
World Economy

• During the postclassical millennium, 45-1450 CE,
  a few areas contributed raw materials (including
  labor power slaves) to more advanced societies
  China and the Islamic world.
• The supply areas included western Europe and
  parts of Africa and southeast Asia

119
World Economy

• Although economic relationships were unequal,
  they did not affect the societies that produced
  raw material too much since international trade
  was not sufficient to do so.

120
World Economy Middle Ages

• Population growth encouraged further economic
  innovation new people new markets
• Towns expanded and agriculture increased
• Crusades exposed west to new cultural and
  economic influence from the Middle East. This
  included a thirst for trade.

121
East meets west

• Three major manufacturing zones
• Arab producing carpets, tapestry, glass
• Indian producing cotton textiles
• China producing porcelain, paper, silks.

122

• No central control of Indian Ocean trade system,
  no use of military force.
• Portuguese brought use of military force into
  system
• added new routes including route around Cape of
  Good Hope to Europe
• introduction of concept of sea power and military
  force
• introduction of Christianity, tribute kingdoms

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Other Trade Routes

• Bantu peoples moved along Congo River and further
  south and east in Africa. (Evidence-Bantu
  languages)
• Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe
  and even the new world. (Viking ships horses of
  other nomads)
• Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward
  from the steps of Asia bringing bubonic plague to
  China and Europe.

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Global trade and core and peripheral nations

• Core areas were those areas of the world economy
  typified by production of manufactured goods,
  control of shipping, monopoly of banking and
  commercial services.
• Core areas were located primarily in northwestern
  Europe Britain, France, and Holland.
• Dependent zones (peripheral) were regions
  typified by production of raw materials, supply
  of bullion, plantation agriculture of cash crops
  produced by coercive labor systems.
• Dependent zones surrounded the European core
  including southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and
  the colonial discoveries of the European
  explorers.

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Global Network

• East Asia, particularly China and Japan remained
  outside of global trade network
• Mughal India only minimally involved
• Ottoman Empire restricted trade to European
  enclaves in cities
• Russia also remained outside system outside of
  slave regions, Africa not involved.
• After 1600, India increasingly dominated by
  France and England
• Eastern Europe brought into system as supplier of
  grain to West.

127
Changes and Continuities

• Change Classic empires have fallen and new ones
  have been created.
• Change Migrations of nomadic peoples cause major
  international changes and diffusion of ideas and
  diseases
• Continuity Religion continues to be important
  and continues to spread.
• Continuity Trade routes continue to grow in
  importance
• Continuity Societies continue to be Patriarchal

128
1450-1750

• European Atlantic Empires
• West becomes dominant
• Gunpowder
• Mughals
• Ottomans
• Neo-Confucianism
• African Contributions

129
Bookends

• 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic empires
• 1450-Beginning of Global trade
• 1492- End of Islam in Europe
• 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions
• 1750- beginning of industrialization
• 1750-western hemisphere colonization peaks

130
Six things to Remember

• Americas are included in world trade for the
  first time.
• Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology
  continues
• Populations are in transition
• New social structures emerge based on race and
  gender
• Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but
  reinforced in China
• Empires are both land-based and cross oceanic

131
Changes in Weaponry

• Changes
• Calvary/mounted knights infantry
• Lance ? arquebus (portable long barreled gun
  fired by a wheel and lock) and pike ? musket with
  bayonet
• Calvary charge ? rows/columns of uniformed
  soldiers
• Simple medieval wall with gates and towers ?
  elaborate fortification systems designed to stop
  canon fire
• Military leaders as battle chiefs ?management
  experts
• Performance learned on a drill field

132
Knights and Guns

• Infantry had already proven to be more successful
  than cavalry
• Ex. 1415 Agincourtlong bowsmow down knights of
  France on horseback

133
Origin of the Gun

• Chinese and Arabs used gunpowder since 8th
  century
• Mongols 13th century (1240) Poland and Hungary
  1st experience gunfire
• Ironworks in Europe soon learned how to make a
  gun
• Iron tube in which gunpowder is exploded to fire
  a missile

134

• 1400 Ottomans construct cannons to forge through
  the Balkans
• 1453 helped to take out Constantinople
• Gun becomes premiere tool for explorers,
  conquerors and merchants
• Knights couldnt withstand heavier armor to
  survive gun shotdeath of knighthood
• New formations and mass, unison, precise gunfire
  could halt a charging army

135
Big Guns

• Smaller at first inaccurate and bad for long
  distance
• Big gunscannonsbetter for breaking down walls
• Beasts of burden used to bring them to
  town/castle walls to fire cannon after cannon to
  break defenses
• Soldiers then raped and pillaged town/castle
• 1st done by France Charles VII in 1450

136

• Problem siege tactics cost many innocent lives
  therefore, new type of fortification
• Bastionsthicker walls that protected people and
  town within
• Very expensive to buildMichelangelo and da
  Vinci some of the first designers

• Advent of professional armiesItaly, Sweden
  Switzerland, England, France, Prussia

137
Changes in War

• Wars no longer a test of strength, to be decided
  by mere battles, rather they depend on losing
  or gaining friends and allies, and it is to this
  end that good states men turn all their attention
  and energy
• Rise of Diplomacy
• Ambassadors develop out of medieval heralds
  and/or messengers
• Enjoyed personal security from both parties
• Authorized to conduct negotiations, i.e. diplomacy

138

• Expense
• Cost is hugeruler provided equipment
  (ammunition, amour, weapons)
• Wives and children, spare horses
• Armies sometimes 1600 strong
• Warfare on ships (river or sea)
• Cannons prove to be very effective on ships

139
M U G H A L
E M P I R E
140
Mughal Rulers

• all fabulously wealthy
• empire covered 2/3 of present-day India
• Babur 1526-1530
• Charismatic leader
• Related to Gengis Khan and Tamerlaine
• Took over Afghanistan
• Builder of gardens
• Brought the Persian culture to India
• Brought first cannons to India-helped him to
  successfully invade

141

• Humayan 1530-1556
• Underachiever, son of Babur
• Superstitious
• Loved books
• Spent entire reign consolidating the empire
• Akbar 1556-1605
• Statesman
• Encouraged religious tolerance
• Brought Muslim culture to India
• Married a Hindu princess
• Ran the country with a good infrastructure
• Came to power at 13 general who was loyal kept
  the empire in tact for him until of age

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• Jahangir 1605-1627
• Drunkard
• Loved precious jewelsit was an obsession
• Hunter boasted about hunting abilities and
  number of kills
• Shah Jehan 1627-1658
• most famous to western world
• built Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Friday Mosque
  (largest in India)
• ruthlesskilled male heirs of extended family
• imprisoned the last 9 years by his son

143
Taj Mahal
144
Friday Mosque
145
Red Fort
146

• Auranzeb 1658-1707
• religious fanatic required all to be Muslims
• enforced Muslim law which begins to break up the
  empireHindus upset with the law
• Eleven more rulers to follow, yet the empire
  continues to decline

147
Mughal Architecture

• formed from the Persian and Indian style of art
• consisted of archs, domes, towers, indentures,
  and carvings
• To show the greatness of the Mughal architecture,
  the buildings tended to be tall and enormous.

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150
The Ottoman Empire
151
Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

• Founded by Osman Bey in 1289, who led Muslim
  religious warriors (ghazi)
• Ottoman expansion into Byzantine empire
• Seized city of Bursa, then into the Balkans
• Organized ghazi into formidable military machine
• Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops)
• Effective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges

152
Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)

• Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481)
• Captured Constantinople in 1453 it became
  Istanbul, the Ottoman capital
• Absolute monarchy-- centralized state
• Expanded to Serbia, Greece,
  Albania attacked Italy

Tokapi Palacemain residence in Istanbul
153
Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

• Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
• Sultan Selim the Grim (1512-1520) occupied Syria
  and Egypt
• Suleyman the Magnificent expanded into southwest
  Asia and central Europe
• Suleyman also built a navy powerful enough to
  challenge European fleets

154
Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

• Dynasty endured for more than 600 years
• Too large to be maintained
• the empire's communication technology was not
  developed enough to reach all territories
• the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman
  Empire's fall closely paralleled those
  surrounding the fall of the Roman Empire
• ongoing tensions between the empire's different
  ethnic groups
• various governments' inability to deal with these
  tensions
• Built on war and steady territorial expansion
• Possibilities for new lands ran out and lands
  began to be lost to enemies
• Means to maintain oversized bureaucracy and army
  shrank

155
Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

• Decline in effectiveness of the administrative
  system corruption among officials
• Poor regulated central govt allowed local
  officials to be corrupt which sparked rebellions
  further drain on resources
• Other issue ?successors were not prepared to
  ruled instead basically imprisoned weak rulers
  pawns
• Civil strife increased and the discipline and
  leadership of the armies deteriorated

156
Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

• Began to lose on the battle field (change to
  light field artillery by European powers)
• Not dominate on the sea (defeated by Spanish and
  Italian navies at Battle of Lepanto)
• Goods not going to Europe through Muslim trading
  centers lost revenue for Ottoman Empire
• Inflation caused by Spanish silver into Ottoman
  Empire

157
Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

• Long standing belief that little of what happened
  in Europe was important not take seriously the
  changes that transformed Europe
• Ends up being Sick Man
• Independence movements in Balkans
• Defeated in 1918 and divided between Britain and
  France

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Neo-Confucianism

• the revival of the various strands of Confucian
  philosophy and political culture that began in
  the middle of the 9th Century and reached new
  levels of intellectual and social creativity in
  the 11th Century in the Northern Song Dynasty.
• movement included speculative philosophers,
  painters, poets, doctors, social ethicists,
  political theorists, historians, local reformers
  and government civil servants.

160

• 14th C.--the teaching of the way or the teaching
  of principle, became the standard curriculum for
  the imperial civil service examination system
• dominance of the civil service continued until
  the whole system was abolished in 1905.
• In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) there was a
  further reaction against the speculative
  philosophy of the learning of Han arose to
  combat what were taken to be the grave mistakes
• also know as the school of evidential research
  because of its commitment to historical and
  philological research in contradistinction to
  the Song and Ming fascination with speculative
  metaphysics and personal moral self-cultivation.

161

• Neo-Confucian masters where also teachers of
  various forms of personal moral self-cultivation
• sought to promote a unified vision of humane
  flourishing that would end with a person becoming
  a sage or worthy by means of various forms of
  self-cultivation.
• became an international movement and spread to
  Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

162
African Contributions to the Cultures of America

• Slavery
• Music Jazz gospel
• Religion - While the dominant religions on the
  Caribbean islands are all variants of
  Christianity, a few religions are the result of
  African slaves combining their spiritual
  practices with the beliefs of their captors. Most
  common are voodoo and Santería.

163
Changes and Continuities

• Change The Americas are added to world trade
  network
• Change Europe becomes a Maritime area
• Continuity Trade is really important
• Continuity Religions continue to adapt to new
  times, but very important
• Continuity Diffusion of ideas and diseases as
  people come into contact with each other.

164
Age of Revolution1750-1914

• Mexican, Haitian, and Chinese Revolutions

165
Three Things to Remember

• Industrialization caused true world-wide
  interdependence. Intensification of
  core-periphery concept
• Populations grew and people moved from the
  country into the cities to work in factories.
• Women gained some economic opportunities with the
  rise of factory work, but they did not gain
  political or economic parity.

166
Three more things to Remember

• Western culture influenced Asia and Africa,
  especially because of imperialism
• Rise of the Proletariat as a social force
• Revolutions were inspired because of the
  Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and
  natural rights.

167
The Bookends

• 1750- beginning of industrialization with the
  water frame in Manchester England
• 1776-First enlightenment revolution.
• 1800s nationalism
• 1800s Imperialism
• 1860 Emancipation of serfs and slaves
• 1914 Eve of World War I

168
Classic Revolutions

• Haitian Revolution-August 22, 1791 - 1804
• Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 1821
• 2nd Revolution 1908
• Greek Revolution - 1821 - 1829
• French Revolution -1789-1799
• American Revolution 1775-1781 (how was this
  revolution different)
• Russian Revolution 1917-1921
• Chinese Revolution 1911 1921
• 2nd Revolution and civil war 1949

169
Latin American Independence

• Sources of Discontent
• 1. Discontent among social hierarchy
• Peninsulars
• Creoles
• Mestizos
• Mulattoes
• Native Americans
• Enslaved Africans

170
Latin American Independence

• Sources of Discontent
• Enlightenment ideas
• - read workers
• - North America creoles read Dec. of
  Independence and Constitution
• - Women hosted salon (tertulias) where
  independence and revolution were discussed

171
Latin American Independence

• 3. Napoleons invasion of Spain
• Joseph on throne
• Latin American leaders saw Spains weakness as an
  opportunity to get rid of them.

172
Mexican Independence

• Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 1821
• Creole Priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised cry
  for freedom (Sept. 15, 1810)
• Speech el Grito e Delores the cry of
  Dolores
• It called Mexican to fight for independence and
  liberty

173
Mexican Independence

• Ragged army of mestizos and Native Americans
  marched to outskirts of Mexico City
• 1st creoles supported but soon rejected his call
  to end slavery and reforms for NA
• Less than a year, Hidalgo was captured and
  executed.

174
Mexican Independence

• Father Jose Morelos mestizo called for wide
  ranging social and political reform- improve
  conditions, abolish slavery, give vote to all men
  
• For 4 years, led forces then captured and shot.
  (1815)

175
Mexican Independence

• Agustin de Iturbide conservative Creole who
  fought revolutionaries worried about new
  Spanish government in 1820
• In 1821, backed by creoles, mestizos, and Native
  Americans, he overthrow the Spanish viceroy
• Mexico independent
• Iturbide took title Emperor Agustin I
• Toppled and set up Republic of Mexico

176
Mexican Independence

• New government but for most little changed
• Military leaders dominated government
• Next 100 years contains struggles to improve
  conditions for Mexicans

177
Mexican Revolution 2

• Dictator Porfiro Diaz ruled for almost 35 years
  winning as president again and again
• Prosperity for wealthy landowners, businessmen,
  and foreign investors but most Mexicans were
  peasants who lived in poverty
• Factory workers, miners, and middle class
  liberals opposed him.

178
Mexico

• Francisco Madero demanded free elections in
  1910.
• He was imprisoned and by Diaz and then began
  encouraging revolt
• Diaz resigned in 1911
• Madero became president but was murdered within
  2 years.

179
Mexico

• Several leaders emerged including
• North -Francisco Pancho Villa personal power
• South - Emiliano Zapata peasant revolt
  (Zapatistas)
• Decade of fighting
• Women soldiers called soldaderas cooked, tended
  wounded and even fought.

180
Mexico

• 1917 Venustiano elected and approved a
  constitution (today's)
• Land broke up large estates, restricted
  foreigners owning land and allowed
  nationalization of natural resources
• Religion Church land made the property of the
  nation
• Labor min. wage and protected right of workers
  to strike
• Suffrage only to men but gave women some
  protection (equal pay, married women to draw up
  contracts, take part in legal suits, equal
  authority with men in spending family funds)

181
Mexican Independence 2

• 1920s after government restored order finally
• Helped some Indian communities regain land
• Supported labor unions
• Schools and libraries set up
• Teachers spread ideas of nationalism
• Mexico became first LA to pursue reforms

182
Revolutions in Haiti

• Slave Revolt
• Toussaint LOuverture

The Louisiana Territory and Napoleons Empire
Balanced Precariously on an ex-slave
183

• Slave revolt because of brutal slave system
• St. Dominique (Haiti) whites decided to fight for
  freedom from France b/c of a law passed that gave
  all those of color with 2 free parents their
  freedom.
• 1793 Toussaint joined fight
• National Convention abolished slavery in St.
  Dominique
• 1794 Frances National Assembly abolished slavery
  in colonies

184

• After war with Britain and Spain, Toussaint
  supported French govt
• Toussaint was made lieutenant governor of St.
  Dominique
• He distrusted all foreigners, believing only
  black leadership could assure autonomous St.
  Dominique
• Toussaint made commander-in-chief of island by
  French Convention
• Resolved to quickly establish autonomous black
  state
• After defeat of Spanish British began moving
  toward independence from France
• Wanted to be on equal footing with France and
  other major powers

185

• Toussaint was inspired by French US revolutions
  
• Some of his officers had fought with French army
  in US War for Independence
• 1799 Napoleons coup detat in France
• Wanted Toussaint out
• Wanted to reestablish slavery
• 1800 Toussaint became military dictator
• Re-imposed plantation system

186

• Constitution gave Napoleon a reason for sending
  French troops to take over
• Technically a French colony, acting as an
  independent state
• Toussaint liberated St. Dominique from French
• Toussaint never formally severed its bond with
  France
• Toussaint defeated and sent to prison in France
• 1804 Toussaints successor (one of his
  lieutenants) declared St. Dominique the
  independent country of Haiti

187
1911 Revolution in China

• Last emperor Pi Yu abdicates the throne
• Mutiny by imperial soldiers
• Scattered secret society upheavals
• Organized plots, etc.
• Republic 1912-1949
• January 1, 1912 is the first official day of the
  Republic of China
• Provisional president is Sun Yat-sen
• He is soon pushed aside which begins a 15 year
  period of military strongmen designated as
  Presidentwarlord period
• Politically it resembled the last few years of
  the Qing rule

188
Meji Restoration

• Japanese Modernization
• New Constitution based on US
• Parliament formed (Diet)
• Mostly an Oligarchy
• Zaibatsu