Compounding

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Morphology
Compounding
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Definition
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies
the internal structure of words and the rules by
which words are formed.
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Morpheme
It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
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Types of morphemes
Free morphemes
Free morphemes are the morphemes which are free
in the sense that they are independent units of
meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
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Bound morphemes
Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used
independently , but have to be combined with
other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a
word.
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Word Formation
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Compounding, Blending, Backformation, Shortening
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Compounding is a process of word formation by
which two independent words are put together to
make one word. The word formed in this way is
called compound
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A. According to orthographic criterion, compounds
are written in three ways 1) solid, such as
bedtime 2)hyphenated, such as above-mentioned 3)
open, such as reading material
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Phonologically, compounds can often be identified
as having a main stress on the first element and
a secondary stress on the second element.
old /friends
new /friends
pure /scientists
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Semantically, compounds can often be identified
as having a meaning which may be related to but
can not simply be inferred from the meaning of
its parts. A darkroom is not just a room that is
dark, rather a room used for photographic
processing.
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1. Noun Compounds
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In politics a hot
line a telephone line for swift communication in
emergencies between Moscow and Washington. (??)
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hard-liner a person following an
uncompromising or extreme policy
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In economics unit pricing the pricing of a
commodity expressed per unit of weight,
volume,etc. (????????) siege economics
extremely strict economical measures (?????????)
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In military fields cruise missile a low-flying
subsonic guided missile (????) laser bomb bomb
guided by laser ???? fox-bat (??????)
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In science and technology black hole a
hypothetical celestial region formed from a
collapsed star. (??)
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biological clock inherent mechanism that
regulates cyclic physiological process in a
living organism.(???) strobe light higher
intensity flashing light?????
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In social life identity crisis a state of
psychological confusion in one's
personality.???? group therapy the treatment of
a group of patients in regular sessions where
problems are shared in group discussion ????
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encounter group a group of people who meet to
develop understanding of others by honest
exchange of feelings, opinions, etc.?????
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answering service a commercial service that
answers telephone calls for its
clients.??????????????
shield law a law that pretexts journalists from
forced disclosure of confidential news
sources.???????
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demand scheduling flight scheduling on the part
an airline according to the specific demand of a
passenger. ?????????????.
silence vow a vow to keep silence about
something secret??????
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The analysis of the noun compound structures
1. subject predicate
heartbeat The heart beats. revolving door
the door that revolves
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2. predicate object pickpocket to pick the
pocket housekeeping to keep the house
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3. Verb adverbial There are five kinds in
this type a) a prepositional phrase used as
an adverbial
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(a)The adverbial relation of place diving board
diving from the board living room live in a
room waiting room wait in a room (b)The
instrumental relation of an adverbial sewing
machine sew with a machine walking stick walk
with a machine
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4. subject object steamboat The steam
powers the boat. honey bee The
bee produces honey
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5. appositive a peasant girl a girl who is a
peasant
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2. Compound Adjectives
1) the compound adjectives coming from
adverbials
a an off-the-cuff opinion ??????? b
round-the-clock discussion ??24?????? c
on-the-spot observation
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d the ahead-of-schedule general election
??????? e an off-camera announcer
??????? f the first on-scene attempt to detect
life on Mars ????
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2) the compound adjectives coming from the
phrasal verbs
a a back-up generator ????? b a stand-up
collar ?? c a walk-in closet
?????????? d a see-through shirt ?????
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3) the compound adjectives coming from infinitive
phrases
a take-home pay b a cross-border raid c a
keep-fit class(???)
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4) compound adjectives coming from the compressed
attributive clauses
a an easy-to-paint portrait b a
difficult-to-operate machine c
hard-to-get-at volumes
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d a can't-be-put-down book e a
never-to-be-forgotten event f his
higher-than-average wages
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The women have outgrown the jumping-onto-the-chair
-at -the-sight-of -a-mouse era.
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3 Compound Verbs
1) The common way to form a compound verb is
by means of back -formation. The back-formation
is a process of word formation by which a word
is created by dropping the supposed or imagined
affixes
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a mass-produce from mass production
b window-dress from window-dressing????
c proof-read from proof-reader
d air-condition from air-conditioning
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e edit from editor f automate automation g
gloom from goomy h greed from greedy I to
window-shop from window-shopping look at
displays of goods in store windows
without entering the stores to buy anything.
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j baby-sit from baby-sitting care for
children, usually during a short absence of
the parents.
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2) A compound verb can also be formed by means of
analogy
a chain-drink from chain-smoke
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b bottle-feed feed from a bottle. from
breast-feed feed from a mother's breast
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From the stylistic point of view 1. usu. used
as colloquialisms e.g. a Don't nit-pick with
me. ( find fault with me ) b He
sweet-talked her into not being so sore.
( coax by flattery )
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2. usu. used in news reports e.g. After
leaving Washington he job-hopped, serving briefly
as operating vice-president of the bank.
(job-hop change jobs frequently)
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3. in advertisements
hand-wash to wash by hand cold rinse to rinse
in the cold water
warm iron to iron with moderate heat
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Line dry (????) drip-dry(???????)
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From the viewpoint of communicative function and
communicative value
1) humorous
e.g. Leave all that out and remember only that
Hugh Hefiner is a man who chain-drinks Pepsis.
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2) terse a Cans are flash-cooked for six
seconds rather than sterilised for 60
minutes. ( flash-cook to cook by a very
short exposure to intense heat )
b So far I have press-shown 18 films. (
press-show show to the press before public
presentation )
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3) vivid and impressive
e.g. He announced a series of surprise summit
meetings that will have him jet-hopping from
island to island. ( jet-hop travel from place
to place by jetcraft )
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Blending
Blending is a process of word formation by which
a word is created by combining parts of other
words. Words formed in this way are called
blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are
four types of blending
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1. The first part of the first word the last
part of the second word
botel boat hotel ?????? smaze smoke haze
?? advertistics advertising statistics ?????
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autocide automobile suicide
???? altiport altitude airport
???????? ballute balloon parachute
???? chunnel channel tunnel
???? lunacast lunar telecast ??????
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2. the whole part of the first word last part
of the second word
carbecue car barbecue ????????????
????? jazzotheque jazz discotheque
??????? lunarnaut lunar astronaut
???????
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Nixonomics Nixon economics
???????? workfare work welfare ????
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3. the whole form of the second word the first
part of the first word
helipad helicopter pad
??????? medicaid medical aid
????????? medicare medical care
??????
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Eurasian Europe Asian ????? motown
motor town ???
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4. the first part of the first word the first
part of the second word
psywar psychological warfare
??? Amerind American Indian
?????? memcon memorandum conversation
????
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sitcom situation comedy ???? comint
communications intelligence
???? humint human intelligence
???? comsat communications satellite
????
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The words formed in this way are often regarded
as nonce words. However , some words have been
accepted into standard English such as brunch,
smog, motel.
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It seems in scientific fields, this process of
word formation is especially useful in
lexicalizing a scientific concept telex
teleprinter exchange ?????? pulsar
pulse quasar ???
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skylab sky laboratory
????? biorhythm biological rhythm
???? mascon mass concentration
????
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Some of the blends are especially effective in
certain contexts
e.g A longtime Nixon backer, he assumes a dawk
stance on the problem. dawk dove
hawk ??????????????
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e.g. The whole area have been turned into one
huge autopia. autopia auto utopia
?????????
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Backformation Backformation is a
process of word formation by which a word is
formed by deleting the supposed affixes
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1. From nouns a peddle from peddler b
burgle from burglar c beg from
beggar d orate from orator
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e auth from author f emote from emotion g
caretake from caretaker h free-associate from
free-association i enthuse from enthusiasm
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2. From adjectives a peeve from peevish b
gloom from gloomy c frivol from frivolous d
cose or coze from cosy
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e laze from lazy f greed from
greedy g grue from gruesome
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3. By dropping the supposed prefix a flappable
from unflappable ???? b ept from inept

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Shortening ( Abbreviation )
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a phone from telephone
1. Clipped words 1) to clip the front part of a
word
b varsity from university
c chute from parachute
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2) to clip the back part of a word a ad
advertisement b exam examination c mod
modern d pro professional
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e demo demonstration f exp. exposition g
memo memorandum h lib liberation
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3) to clip both the front and the back parts of a
word a flu influenza b Tec detective c
fridge refrigerator
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4) Phrase clippings pub public
house pop-singer popular song singer lube
lubricating oil
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Initialises Initialisms are words
formed by the initial letters of words and
pronounced as letters
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C.O.D cash on delivery EEC European Economic
Community FBI Federal Bureau of
Investigation e.g. exempli gratia for example
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Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters
of words and pronounced as words
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OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation