Unit 7 Objectives

1
Unit 7 Objectives
1. Describe the properties and functions of
muscle tissue. (p. 178) 2. Describe the
organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p.
178) 3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182) 4. Explain the key
steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182184) 5. Compare the
different types of muscle contractions. (pp.
187189) 6. Describe the mechanisms by which
muscles obtain and use energy to power
contractions. (pp. 189192) 7. Relate types of
muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp.
193195) 8. Distinguish between aerobic and
anaerobic endurance and explain their
implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscles in terms of structure and function. (pp.
194195) 10. Identify the principal axial
muscles of the body together with their origins
and insertions. (pp. 199204) 11. Identify the
principal appendicular muscles of the body,
together with their origins and insertions. (pp.
204216) 12. Describe the effects of exercise
and aging on muscle tissue. (p. 216)
2
Unit 7
1. Describe the properties and functions of
muscle tissue. (p. 178)
3
Unit 7
1. Describe the properties and functions of
muscle tissue. (p. 178)
The integrated action of joints, bones, nerves
and skeletal muscles

• Produces movements such as walking, running,
  facial expressions, eye movements, and
  respiration.
• Maintains posture, joint stability.
• Supports, protect and encloses vital organs.
• Helps to maintain body temperature by producing
  heat.
• Guards the gates into and out of our bodies
  (ex. The iris of the eye).

4
Unit 7
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the
tissue level. (p. 178)
Muscle Organization I
Muscle Organization II
Muscle Organization III
5
Unit 7
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the
tissue level. (p. 178)
Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an
attached bone.
DUH!
Origin
Muscle Contracting
Tendon
Insertion
6
Unit 7
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the
tissue level. (p. 178)
Bone
Perimysium
Blood Vesseles
Muscle Fiber
Fascicle
Tendon
Epimysium
Endomysium
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
7
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
8
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
Sarcomere
sarcolemma


Myofibril
Nuclei
9
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
Myonuclei identified along the length of an
isolated muscle fiber.

• Because a muscle fiber is not a single cell, its
  parts are often given special names such as
• Sarcolemma for plasma membrane
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum for endoplasmic
  reticulum
• Sarcosome for mitochondrion
• Sarcoplasm for cytoplasm

10
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
Motor Neuron
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Action Potential
Myofibrils
Transverse or T-Tube
Z-Line
Sarcomere
11
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
Z-Line
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
Sarcomere
Actin
Myosin
12
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
Sarcomere
Actin
Myosin
Z-Line
I Band Thin
A Band Thick
13
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit Terms
I-bands (isotropic) contain only thin
myofilaments.
iso- means equal , tropic- means turning
A-bands (anisotropic) contain both thin and
thick myofilaments.
an- means without
Z-line (German for Zwischenscheiben, meaning
between disks)
M-line (German for Mitte, meaning middle)
14
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179182)
Changes in Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
Band/Line Contracted Muscle Stretched Muscle
? ?
? ?
? ?
No Change
No Change
A-band
I-band
Shortens
Lengthens
Moves closer together
Moves further apart
Z-line
15
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Muscle Contraction Animation
Contraction of skeletal muscle
Muscle Contraction Movie
Cross Bridging Cycle
Muscle Contraction Animation
Overview
16
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Tension
?
?
Resistance
?
?
Contraction
17
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Quick Facts

• Every skeletal muscle fiber is under the direct
  control by a neuron at a neural muscular
  junction.
• When an action potential arrives at a neural
  muscular junction and is transferred across the
  sarcolemma, the contraction process begins.
• When an action potential reaches a muscle fiber
  it will cause Ca2 ions to seep out of the
  sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibrils
  starting contraction.

18
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Neural Control of Muscle Contraction
19
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 1 Release of Acetylcholine (ACh)
20
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 2 Ach Binding at Motor End Plate
Na
Na
Na
Sarcolemma membrane becomes permeable to Na
Na
Na
Na
21
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 3 Action Potential Conduction by
Sarcolemma
22
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Synapse
Neuromuscular Junction
23
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Molecular Events of the Contraction Process
Myosin Fiber Head
Actin subunits fiber
Tropomyosine
Troponin
Active Myosin-Actin Cross-bridge Attachment
site (in the absence of Ca2)
Inside a sacromere at rest
24
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 1 Active-site exposure
Ca2 binds to Troponin
Tropomyosine slides off the active site
Ca2
Active Myosin-Actin Cross-bridge Attachment
site is uncovered
Ca2
Ca2 released from the Sacroplasmic Reticulum
arrives at the sacromere.
25
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 2 Cross-bridge Attachment
Attachment of myosin head to exposed active site
on the thin filament of the actin fiber
Ca2
Ca2
26
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 3 Pivoting of myosin head
Myosin heads releases ADP and P resulting in a
pivoting of the head toward the center of the
sacromere
The myosine head pivot action thrusts the actin
fiber to the left contracting the sacromere by a
small amount
Ca2
Ca2
27
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 4 Cross-bridge deattachment
Myosin heads deattachs from the active site on
the actin fiber when it binds with another ATP
ATP
Ca2
Ca2
ATP
ATP can be supplied by aerobic or anaerobic
cellular respiration or via CP?ATP cycle (page
190)
28
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Step 5 Myosin reactivation
Myosin heads Become cocked or reactivated again
as they split ATP into ADP and P and capture the
bond energy that is released
Ca2
Ca2
The entire attachment reattachment contraction
cycle begins again until Ca2 or ATP is removed.
29
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182184)
Review Sliding Filament Cross-Bridge Theory
30
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)

• ? Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
• ? Number of Muscle Fibers Involved
• ? Flavors of Contraction Isotonic Isometric
• ? Anti-Contraction Muscle Elongation

31
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Quick Facts

• Muscles are composed of 1,000s of fibers.
• Individual muscle fibers either 100 contracted
  or are 100 at rest known as the
  all-or-nothing principle
• A twitch along a single muscle fiber is a
  complete contraction cycle
• at rest ? contraction ? at rest
• The recruited more motor units into a
  contraction cycle, increases tension.
• Repeated stimulation before relaxation results
  in more twitchessummation.

32
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Twitch Development of Tension
Ca2 levels drop and cross-bridging declines.
Action Potential Sweeps Across the Sarcolemma.
Cross-bridging begins between myosin and actin.

• Maximum tension
• development

33
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
Stimulation
Summation of twitches increases a muscle
Tension
POWER OUTPUT!
Time
34
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
Maximum Tension
A muscle producing maximum tension through
repeated summation is said to reach a state
called .
Tension
Incomplete tetanus
Time
35
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
SR cant reclaim Ca2 fast enough for relaxation.
Maximum Tension
A muscle producing maximum tension through
repeated summation while not allowing relaxation
is said to reach a state called .
Tension
Complete tetanus
Time
36
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Number of Muscle Fibers Involved
Threshold / Motor Unit
Skeletal Muscle Fascicle
Muscle Fibers / Cells
Motor Unit
37
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Quick Facts

• Muscles at rest maintain a relaxed tension
  created by various contracting motor units this
  tension, called muscle tone helps maintain our
  posture.
• If a muscle fiber is not stimulated on a
  regular basis is will atrophy, or become
  smaller and weaker.
• Severe atrophy results in muscle fiber death.
  Dead fibers are not replaced.

38
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Quick Facts

• Muscle contractions come in two flavors
• Isotonic contraction a contraction that
  results in the shortening of the entire muscle
  as it maintains a constant tension before
  relaxing.
• Isometric contraction caused by a increase of
  tension that does not result in the shortening
  of the muscle or the moving a joint or any other
  oject.

Iso- equal, tonic- tension
Iso- equal, metric- length
39
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187189)
Anti-Contraction Muscle Elongation

• Muscle only actively contract !
• Muscles passively relax or elongate or
• Gravity can cause the mass of the contracted,
  shorten muscle to drop or elongate during its
  relaxation cycle
• The memory of elastic connective tissue
  surround muscle fibers uncoil after a
  contraction
• The contraction of an opposing muscle
  stretches out its relaxed antagonist.

40
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions.
(pp. 189192)
41
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
Quick Facts

• Muscle contractions require large amounts of
  energy (6 x1014 ATP/sec/muscle fiber)
• Most of this energy is generated on-demand.
• ATP is an energy-transfer molecule not an
  energy storage molecule.
• Resting muscles (RM) transfer the energy stored
  in ATP to Creatine forming Creatine Phosphate
  (CP) and ADP. CP can then be used to convert ADP
  back into ATP on demand.
• CP levels in RMs are gt ATP levels.

42
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
Quick Facts

• Aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria is
  used to recycle ADP P energy? ATP during
  rest through moderate levels of activity.
• When muscular activity uses up the available
  supplies of oxygen and or ATP and CP, available
  energy stored in the fibers glycogen deposits
  are converted through glycolysis to form ATP
  anaerobically.

43
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate
Lifes Rechargeable Battery
Adenine
3 Phosphate Groups
Ribose
44
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
Unstable
ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate
LifesRechargeable Battery
Releasing Energy
Trapping Energy
45
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate
unstable
Because large amounts of ATP in resting muscle
cells are
excess ATP transfers its third high energy P to
a polypeptide called creatine forming creatine
phosphate or CP.
ATP Creatine
ADP Creatine Phosphate
Creatine Phosphokinase
46
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate
ATP
Energy for Muscle Contraction
Energy from Cellular Respiration
Creatine
When Cellular ATP is High
When Cellular ATP is Low
Creatine Phosphate
PO4
PO4
ADP
ATP Cycle ? ADP CP ? ATP
47
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate
C-C bond energy in organic molecules can be
released and trapped in molecules of ATP using
the Krebs/ citric acid / tricarboxilic acid
cycle a slower but more efficient aerobic
process. Or
Energy could be released and trapped in molecules
of ATP using glycolysis a quick but less
efficient anaerobic process
These processes prefer C-C bonds found in 1st
Carbohydrates gt 2nd Lipids gt 3rd Proteins
48
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles
obtain and use energy to power contractions. (pp.
189192)
Unit 7
Quick Facts

• Muscle fatigue can be caused by a prolonged
  oxygen debt, a by-product of glycolysis, called
  lactic acid, a decrease in the pH of the muscle
  fiber, or just a lack of ATP.
• A period of muscle recovery follows muscle
  fatigue, in which pre-fatigue conditions or
  pre-exertion level are re-established.
• Muscle recovery requires muscular,
  cardiovascular and hepatic systems to work
  together in order to reach homeostatic levels
  after heavy muscular exertion.

49
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular
performance. (pp.193195)
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
endurance and explain their implications for
muscular performance. (p.192)
50
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
endurance and explain their implications for
muscular performance. (p. 192)
First some vocabulary
Aerobic
Any process that requires oxygen is said to be an
aerobic process.
Like rusting, fire, or cellular respiration
Anaerobic
Any process that does not require oxygen is said
to be an anaerobic process.
Like fermentation or glycolysis
51
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
endurance and explain their implications for
muscular performance. (p. 192)
Some more vocabulary
Endurance
The ability to continue a given task.
The amount of time an individual can perform a
task.
Power
The amount of work or energy expended in a given
amount of time.
The maximum amount of tension a muscle group can
produce.
52
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular
performance. (pp. 193195)
Type I vs. Type II Fibers
Two different types of muscle fiber can be found
in most skeletal muscles.
Dark vs. White vs. Pink flesh Chicken
vs.Chicken vs. Human Thigh
Breast muscle

• The Type I and Type II fibers differ in their
• Structure,
• Biochemistry and
• Performance

53
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular
performance. (pp. 193195)
Type I vs. Type II Fibers
Type I (slow)
Type II a (fast)
Type II b
54
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular
performance. (pp. 193195)

• Type I, Red, or Aerobic Muscle Fibers
• Also known as "slow-twitch" fibers, take 3x
  longer to contract after stimulation,
• Activated by small-diameter, thus
  slow- conducting, motor neurons,
• Muscles containing many slow-twitch fibers have
  Egreater vascular support.
• ERich in myoglobin and hence red in color,
• Depend on cellular respiration for ATP
  production, contain Emany mitochondria,
• EResistant to fatigue, and are dominant in
  muscles that are responsible for posture.

55
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular
performance. (pp. 193195)

• Type II, White, or Anaerobic Muscle Fibers
• PAlso known as "fast-twitch" fibers,
• PTwice the diameter (more sacromeres) and are
  more common then Type I fibers,
• Activated by large-diameter, thus
  fast- conducting, motor neurons,
• Low in myoglobin and rich in glycogen hence are
  whitish in color,
• Depend on glycolysis for ATP production,
  therefore they contain few mitochondria,
• Fatigue easily, dominant in muscles used for
  rapid and fine motor movements.

Most skeletal muscles contain some mixture of
Type I and Type II fibers, but a single motor
unit always contains one fiber type or the other,
never both.
56
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
endurance and explain their implications for
muscular performance. (p. 192)
Now we can consider how
Muscular Performance
A measure of how a muscle or muscle group
responds to perform a task of any intensity.
depends upon

• The muscle fiber makeup of the muscle and

• The physical conditioning of the person!

57
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
endurance and explain their implications for
muscular performance. (p. 192)
Fast Fiber Conditioning

• Improves a muscle or muscle groups ability to
  sustain a short -term high tension effort by
• Bulking-Up or Increasing the number of
  myofibrils in fast-twitch fibers (increasing its
  diameter)
• ? Increasing the standing supplies of
  glycogen/glucose (remembering that these fibers
  use glycolysis, an anaerobic reaction)

58
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
endurance and explain their implications for
muscular performance. (p. 192)
Slow Fiber Conditioning

• Improves a muscle or muscle groups ability to
  sustain a long-term low tension effort by
• CardioVascular Training increasing the bodies
  ability to supply oxygen to the muscles by
  increasing lung capacity, RBC count RBC
  hemoglobin content. (blood doping)
• ? Carbo-Loading preparing for and improving
  the bodies ability to elevate the blood glucose
  levels on demand (remember, these fibers use
  aerobic respiration).

59
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscles in terms of structure and function.
(pp. 194195)
60
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)

• Skeletal
• Moves bones
• Voluntary, capable of great work, but tires
  easily
• Smooth
• Found around organs, such as the intestines and
  stomach
• Involuntary, capable of sustained work for very
  long periods of time
• Cardiac heart beat, capable of sustained work,
  mainly involuntary!

61
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Types
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
62
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Location
Attached to bone
Heart
Walls of hollow organs blood vessles and glands
63
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Cell Shape
Long, cylindrical
Branched
Spindle- shaped
64
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Nucleus
Multiple, peripheral
Usually single, central
Single, central
65
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Special Features
Intercalated disks
Cell-to-cell attachments
66
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Striations
No
Yes
Yes
67
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Autorythmic
No
Yes, smooth sustained, rythmic
No
68
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Control
Involuntary
Voluntary
Involuntary
69
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Muscle Type Function
Heart contraction to propel blood through the
body
Move the whole body
Compression of organs, ducts, glands, etc.
70
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Cardiac muscle fibers are

• Smaller (than skeletal)
• Have a single nucleus
• Less extensive T-tubule system
• Myofilaments/fibrils organized as sarcomeres

71
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Cardiac muscle fibers

• Have extensive cell-to-cell connections at gap
  junctions that
• Add strength (the intercalated disks)
• Permits direct transmission of electrical
  signals from cell-to-cell (the gap junctions)
• Provides its own intrinsic conduction system so
  that it does not rely upon a neural action
  potential to initiate contraction.
• Rate and force of contraction is controlled by
  the autonomic nervous system however.

Autonomic nervous system the part of the
nervous system that supplies stimulation to the
involuntary muscles, like the smooth and cardiac
muscles, and to the glands, considered visceral
organs.
72
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Smooth muscle fibers

• Are smaller than skeletal and cardiac,
• Occur in bundles/sheets of short fibers,
• Contraction are stimulated and controlled by
  the autonomic nervous system.
• Do not end in tendons since they dont attach or
  pull on bones!
• Do not have troponin attached two the actin
  fibers
• Have an extensive network of gap junctions
  between adjacent cells.

73
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
in terms of structure and function. (pp. 194195)
Smooth muscle fibers

• Rather than organized arrays of thick
• and thin filaments, actin-based thin filaments
  and myosin-based thick filaments are dispersed
  throughout the cytoplasm in a seemingly random
  manner.
• The thin filaments are attached to the plasma
  membrane and to cytoskeletal elements.
• The thick filaments are distributed through the
  cytoplasm (like the plastic webbing
  in a bag used to package fruit and
• vegetables)

74
Unit 7
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the
body together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 199204)
75
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the
body together with their origins and insertions.
(pp. 199204)
Unit 7
Origins Insertions

• Pretend you were a puppet ?

• Imagine strings attached to your body at the
  origins and insertions of skeletal muscles.
• Pick a muscle and touch these locations and in
  you imagination string that part of your
  puppet (you)
• What would happen if you pulled the string from
  the origins end?

76
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the
body together with their origins and insertions.
(pp. 199204)
Unit 7
Origins Insertions
HINT The largest part of the muscles mass is
closer to the origin of the muscle
77
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the
body together with their origins and insertions.
(pp. 199204)
Unit 7
Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior, Dorsal View
Trapezius
Deltoid
Teres minor
Teres major
Infraspinatus
Latissimus dorsi
78
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the
body together with their origins and insertions.
(pp. 199204)
Unit 7
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Anterior, Ventral View
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Serratus anterior
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
79
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles
of the body, together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 204216)
80
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles
of the body, together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 204216)
Rectus femoralis
Gracilis
Sartorius
Vastus medialis
Anterior, Ventral View
Vastus lateralis
Gastronemius
Fibularis
Soleus
81
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles
of the body, together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 204216)
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Gracilis
Abductor magnus
Sartorius
Posterior, Dorsal View
Biceps femoris
Soleus
Gastronemius
82
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles
of the body, together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 204216)
Tibialis anterior
Gastronemius
Laterial View
Soleus
Fibularis muscle(s)
Extensor digitorum
83
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles
of the body, together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 204216)
Brachioradius
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Biceps brachii
Anterior View
84
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles
of the body, together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 204216)
Brachioradius
Triceps brachii
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Posterior View
85
Unit 7
12. Describe the effects of exercise and aging
on muscle tissue. (p. 216)
86
12. Describe the effects of exercise and aging on
muscle tissue. (p. 216)
Unit 7
87
Unit 7