The Civil War

1
The Civil War

• Chapter 16
• Pages 506-547

2
North/Union

• President Lincoln
• Commander General of the Union
• General George B. McClellan
• General Ambrose E. Burnside
• General Joseph Hooker
• General Ulysses S. Grant

3
General George B. MCClellen
4
General Ulysses S. Grant
5
South/Confederacy

• President Jefferson Davis
• Commander General of the Confederacy Robert E.
  Lee

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Section 1 The War Begins

• Pages 510-515

7
The War Begins

• The Big Idea
• Civil war broke out between the North and the
  South in 1861.
• Main Ideas
• Following the outbreak of war at Fort Sumter,
  Americans chose sides.
• The Union and the Confederacy prepared for war.

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Lincolns Goals

• At the beginning of the Civil War Lincoln wanted
  to preserve the Union.
• After the war progressed, Lincoln issued the
  Emancipation and the Civil War changed to a war
  on slavery.

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Section 1 1. Which fort did Confederates attack
in 1861 that marked the official beginning of the
Civil War? Page 511

• Fort Sumter

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Main Idea 1 Following the outbreak of war at
Fort Sumter, Americans chose sides.

• Seven southern states seceded as Lincoln took
  office.
• Lincoln refused to recognize secession and tried
  desperately to save the nation.
• Confederate officials began seizing federal-mint
  branches, arsenals, and military posts.

12
Fall of Fort Sumter

• For Sumter was a Federal outpost in Charleston,
  South Carolina.
• Confederate forces asked for its surrender.
• Lincoln refused and sent ships with supplies.
• Confederate cannons began firing on April 12,
  1861.
• Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later.
• The Civil War began.

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Reaction of Lincolns Call
Lincoln declared the South was in rebellion and
asked state governors for 75,000 militiamen
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and states north of
them rallied.
Slave states of the Upper SouthNorth Carolina,
Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansasseceded.
Border StatesDelaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and
Missouriwere slave states that did not join the
Confederacy, but people were divided on the war.
Western Virginia supported the Union and set up
its own state government as West Virginia in 1863.
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Section 1 2. What were the Border States between
the North and South? Page 512

1. Delaware
2. Kentucky
3. Maryland
4. Missouri

16
Section 1 3. What were the Strengths and
Weaknesses of the North and the South at the
start of the Civil War? Pages 512-513 Quick Facts
Chart

• North Strengths

• South Strengths

• Greater population to recruit soldiers from
• Most important advantage was its transportation
  network thousands of miles of roads, railroads,
  and canals that could help move supplies and
  troops throughout the region
• More Industrial Establishments
• More Exports
• Stronger more developed Economy

• Greater Production of Cotton
• Military Tradition
• Fighting on home soil
• Southern farms provided food for armies

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Section 1 3. What were the Strengths and
Weaknesses of the North and the South at the
start of the Civil War? Pages 512-513 Quick Facts
Chart

• North Weaknesses

• South Weaknesses

• Fighting in enemy territory

• Lack of economy and banking system
• The South had more than one currency some states
  printed their own money which led to financial
  chaos
• Lower population than the North fewer soldiers

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Northern and Southern Resources

• The North
• Population of 22 million
• Some 22,000 miles of railroad track
• More developed economy, banking system, and
  currency
• StrategyGeneral Winfield Scott planned to
  blockade southern ports and to capture
  Mississippi River to divide the South.

• The South
• Strong military tradition that put many smart
  officers into battle
• Advantages of fighting on home soil only had to
  defend itself until the North grew tired of
  fighting
• Strategytried to win foreign allies through
  cotton diplomacy idea that Britain would support
  Confederacy because it needed the Souths cotton

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Main Idea 2The Union and the Confederacy
prepared for war.

• Volunteer armies would fight the battles.
  Thousands of men joined the armies.
• Civilians helped those in uniform.
• Raised money, ran hospitals, served as nurses
• Sent supplies to troops
• Both armies faced shortages of clothing, food,
  and weapons.
• Volunteers had to learn the military basics of
  marching, shooting, and using bayonets.

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Section 1 4. What was the Union goal to gain
control of the west? Page 513

• To gain control of the Mississippi River

22
Section 1 5. How did the Union and Confederate
armies build up their troops? Page 514

• They relied on volunteers.

23
Section 1 6. What was the main problem for the
Confederate and union armies when preparing for
war? Page 514

• Most soldiers were inexperienced and undisciplined

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Section 1 7. Compare and contrast the Military
Strategies of the U.S.A. and the C.S.A. during
the Civil War. Pages 512-513

• Union/U.S.A.

• Confederate/C.S.A.

1. To blockade southern ports and to capture the
   Mississippi River
2. To capture Richmond, Virginia the Confederate
   Capital

1. To win foreign allies through cotton diplomacy,
   the idea that Britain would support the
   Confederacy because it needed the Souths cotton
2. To wear down the North and to capture Washington,
   D.C. the Union capital

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Section 2 The War In the East

• Pages 516-521

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The War in the East

• The Big Idea
• Confederate and Union forces faced off in
  Virginia and at sea.
• Main Ideas
• Union and Confederate forces fought for control
  of the war in Virginia.
• The Battle of Antietam gave the North a slight
  advantage.
• The Confederacy attempted to break the Union
  naval blockade.

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Main Idea 1Union and Confederate forces fought
for control of the war in Virginia.

• First major battle of Civil War in Virginia, in
  July 1861
• Union army of 35,000 under General Irvin McDowell
• Confederate army of 22,000 under General Pierre
  G. T. Beauregard
• Clashed at Bull Run Creek near Manassas
• Additional 10,000 Confederates arrived
• Confederate troops under General Thomas
  Stonewall Jackson held against Union advance
• Confederates counterattacked
• Union troops retreated
• Confederates won First Battle of Bull Run, also
  known as the First Battle of Manassas

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Section 2 1. What was significant about the
Battle of Bull Run? Page 517

• The Northern defeat in the First Battle of Bull
  Run was the first major battle of the Civil War
  and crushed the Unions hope of winning the war
  quickly

30
Section 2 2. Why did Union General George B.
McClellan hesitate before launching an attack on
the Confederate army in 1862? Page 517

• McClellan had overestimated the size of the
  confederate army.

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More Battles in Virginia
General George B. McClellan was placed in charge
of 100,000 soldiers, called the Army of the
Potomac.
McClellan launched an effort to capture Richmond
called the Peninsular Campaign. Stonewall
Jackson launched an attack towards Washington,
preventing Union reinforcements.
Confederate army in Virginia was under the
command of General Robert E. Lee. Lee attacked
Union forces in series of clashes called Seven
Days Battles and forced Union army to retreat in
June 1862.
Lincoln ordered General John Pope to march to
Richmond.
Jacksons troops stopped Popes army before it
met up with the other Union army. The Second
Battle of Bull Run, or Second Battle of Manassas,
was fought in August 1862 Confederates again
forced a Union retreat.
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Main Idea 2 The Battle of Antietam gave the
North a slight advantage.

• Confederate leaders wanted to follow Lees
  victories in Virginia with victory on northern
  soil.
• Lees Confederate troops and McClellans Union
  army met along Antietam Creek in Maryland on
  September 17, 1862.
• The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest
  single-day battle in U.S. history, with more than
  12,000 Union and 13,000 Confederate casualties.
• Also called the Battle of Sharpsburg
• It was an important victory for the Union,
  stopping Lees northward advance.

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Section 2 3. Which army gained the advantage in
the Battle of Antietam? Page 519

• North
• Despite this blunder Antietam was an important
  victory. Lees northward advance had been stopped

34
Section 2 4. Which would be a possible news
headline in a Northern newspaper the day after
the Battle of Antietam? Page 519

• Union Gains an Edge on the Confederacy

35
Robert E. Lee

• Born into wealthy Virginia family in 1807
• Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West
  Point
• Fought in Mexican-American War
• Lincoln asked Lee to lead Union army at start of
  Civil War.
• Lee declined and resigned from the Union Army to
  become a Confederate general.

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Main Idea 3 The Confederacy attempted to break
the Union naval blockade.

• Union navy controlled the sea and blockaded
  southern ports.
• The southern economy was hurt because the South
  was prevented from selling and receiving goods.
• Some small, fast ships got through blockade, but
  the number of ships entering southern ports was
  reduced from 6,000 to 800 a year.

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Section 2 5. Why did the Union find it difficult
to maintain the blockade it set up to control
southern ports? Page 520

• The Union navy had to patrol thousands of miles
  of coastline.

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Clash of the Ironclads

• The Confederacy turned to a new type of
  warshipironclads, or ships heavily armored with
  iron.
• The Confederacy Captured Union ship Merrimack,
  turned it into ironclad, and renamed it the
  Virginia.
• Ironclads successfully attacked the wooden ships
  of the Union.
• Met by a Union ironclad, the Monitor, in battle
  near Hampton Roads, Virginia, in March 1862 and
  it forced the Confederates to withdraw
• Designed by John Ericsson
• Had a revolving gun tower and thick plating
• The Monitors success saved the Union fleet and
  continued the blockade.

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Section 2 6. What feature made the new warships
developed by the South dangerous to the Union
Army? Page 520

• The ships were heavily armored with thick metal
  plating (iron).

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Section 2 7. What type of warship did the South
develop to take away the Norths advantage at
sea? Page 520

• Ironclad

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Section 2 8. Map page 520 Which part of General
Winfield Scotts two-part strategy does this
political cartoon illustrate? Page 520

• The cartoon shows Scotts plan to destroy the
  Souths economy. The giant snake, which
  represents the Union, shows the Norths power and
  ability to crush the Souths economy.

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Section 2 9. What was the significance of the
Battle of Antietam? Page 519

1. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest
   single-day battle of in U.S. history, with more
   than 12,000 Union and 13,000 Confederate
   causalities
2. Union forces stopped Lees advance into the North
   and Lee lost many of his troops

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Section 3 War in the West

• Pages 522-527

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The War in the West

• The Big Idea
• Fighting in the Civil War spread to the western
  United States.
• Main Ideas
• Union strategy in the West centered on control of
  the Mississippi River.
• Confederate and Union troops struggled for
  dominance in the Far West.

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Main Idea 1Union strategy in the West centered
on control of the Mississippi River.

• Ulysses S. Grant was commander of Union forces in
  West
• Bold and restless, he wanted to attack.
• Western campaign focused on taking control of
  Mississippi River.
• Would cut off eastern part of Confederacy from
  food sources in West
• Union could use bases along the Mississippi to
  attack communication and transportation networks.
• Grants Army of Tennessee captured Confederate
  forts on Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in
  February 1862.
• Both sides claimed victory in bloody two-day
  Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, but Grants
  forces had driven Confederates back into
  Mississippi.

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The Fall of New Orleans

• U.S. Navy moved upriver to meet Grant, who was
  moving down the Mississippi.
• First obstacle was the port of New
  Orleanslargest Confederate city and gateway to
  the Mississippi.
• Fleet under Admiral David Farragut captured New
  Orleans in April 1862.
• He then took Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Natchez,
  Mississippi.

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Siege of Vicksburg

• Farragut ordered surrender of strategic
  Vicksburg, Mississippi, in May 1863.
• Location on 200-foot-high cliffs above the
  Mississippi made invasion nearly impossible.
• Grant decided to starve the city into surrender
  began Siege of Vicksburg in mid-May.
• Facing starvation, city surrendered on July 4,
  1863.

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Section 3 1. What was the significance of the
Siege of Vicksburg? Pages 524-525

• The Siege of Vicksburg gave the Union control of
  the Mississippi River, stealing a vital supply
  line and splitting the Confederacy in two.

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Main Idea 2 Confederate and Union troops
struggled for dominance in the Far West.

• Union halted attempts by Confederate armies to
  control lands west of the Mississippi in Colorado
  and Arizona in 1861.
• Confederates failed to take border state of
  Missouri, losing Battle of Pea Ridge in 1862.
• Cherokee Native Americans aided the Confederates,
  hoping that they would give them greater freedom.
• Pro-Confederate forces remained active in region
  throughout the war, forcing Union commanders to
  keep troops in area.

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Section 3 2. Why did Native Americans choose to
join the Confederacy in the war effort in the Far
West? Page 525

• Native Americans hoped that Confederate leaders
  would give them more independence (greater
  freedom).

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Section 4 Daily Life During the War

• Pages 528-535

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Daily Life during the War

• The Big Idea
• The lives of many Americans were affected by the
  Civil War.
• Main Ideas
• The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in
  Confederate states.
• African Americans participated in the war in a
  variety of ways.
• President Lincoln faced opposition to the war.
• Life was difficult for soldiers and civilians
  alike.

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Main Idea 1The Emancipation Proclamation freed
slaves in Confederate states.

• Millions of enslaved African Americans were at
  the heart of the nations bloody struggle.
• Abolitionists wanted Lincoln to free the slaves.
  
• Lincoln found emancipation, or freeing of slaves,
  a difficult issue.
• Did not believe he had constitutional power
• Worried about the effects

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Civil War Medicine
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Section 3 3. Why did President Lincoln support
the abolition of slavery? Page 529

• Lincoln thought that the abolition of slavery
  would help the North win the Civil War.
• Freed slaves would join the Union army
• The loss of slave labor would cause economic
  problems for the south

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Section 3 4. What did the Emancipation
Proclamation call for? Page 529

• The Emancipation Proclamation called for all
  Confederate slaves to be freed.

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Section 3 5. Which military order did President
Lincoln issue in 1862 that freed slaves in the
Confederate states? Page 529

• The Emancipation Proclamation

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Proclamation and Reaction

• Emancipation Proclamation
• Democratic Party opposed
• Abolitionists said war was pointless without
  freedom for African Americans.
• Some predicted it would anger voters.
• On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued
  Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves only in
  areas controlled by Confederacy, effective
  January 1, 1863.

• Reaction
• African Americans gave thanks.
• Abolitionists rejoiced.
• Some noted that system of slavery still existed.
• Encouraged many enslaved African Americans to
  escape when Union troops came near.
• Loss of slaves crippled the Souths ability to
  wage war.

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Section 3 6. Describe the Emancipation
Proclamation and its effects on the Civil War?
Pages 529-503

• The Emancipation Proclamation encouraged many
  enslaved Africans to escape.
• The loss of slaves crippled the Souths ability
  to wage war.
• Abolitionist rejoiced

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Main Idea 2African Americans participated in
the war in a variety of ways.

• African Americans volunteered to fight.
• The War Department gave contrabands, or escaped
  slaves, the right to join the army in South
  Carolina.
• The mainly African American 54th Massachusetts
  Infantry was celebrated for its bravery.
• About 180,000 African Americans served with the
  Union army.

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Section 3 7. What difficulties did African
American soldiers face in the Civil War? Page 531

• African Americans could be killed or sold into
  slavery if captured by the Confederacy.

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Section 3 8. Which African American unit in the
Civil War played a key role in the attack on
South Carolinas Fort Wagner? Page 531

• The 54th Massachusetts Infantry

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Section 3 9. Exit Ticket Describe three ways
African Americans contributed to Union war
efforts? Page 531

1. They volunteered as labors
2. They served as soldiers and fought bravely
3. They formed their own units in the Union army
4. They worked as abolitionist

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Main Idea 3President Lincoln faced opposition
to the war.
Copperheads

• Copperheads were northern Democrats who began
  speaking against the war.
• Many were midwesterners who sympathized with the
  South and opposed abolition.
• Lincoln suspended habeas corpus, or protection
  against unlawful imprisonment, to jail the
  enemies of the Union.

Northern Draft

• Critics erupted when Congress approved the draft,
  or forced military service. For 300, men could
  buy their way out of service. For unskilled
  workers, this was a years wage.
• Bloody rioting broke out in New York, killing 100
  people.

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Section 4 1. Why did many criticize the northern
draft of 1863? Page 532

• Critics felt that the draft favored the rich by
  allowing them to buy their way out of serving.

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Section 4 2. What did President Lincoln do to
silence those in opposition to the war? Page 532

• Lincoln ignored protections against unlawful
  imprisonment by jailing enemies of the Union
  without trial.

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Section 4 3. What constitutional protection that
protects citizens from unlawful imprisonment did
Lincoln suspend in order to silence the
opposition to the Civil War? Page 532

• Habeas Corpus

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Section 4 4. Why did many Northerners begin to
oppose the Civil War? Page 532-533

• Northerners were upset by the length of the war
  and the number of casualties.

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Main Idea 4Life was difficult for soldiers and
civilians alike.

• Civil War armies fought in ancient battlefield
  formations that produced massive casualties.
• Endless rows of troops fired directly at one
  another.
• Many men died to gain every inch of ground.
• Doctors and nurses saved many lives.
• They did not have medicines to stop infections.
• The biggest killer in the war was disease, such
  as typhoid, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.
• Military prisoners on both sides lived in misery.
• Prisoners had little shelter, food, or clothing.
• Starvation and disease killed thousands.

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Section 4 5. How were prisoners of war treated
during the Civil War? Page 533

• Prisoners were often held without shelter and
  given little food.

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Life as a Civilian

• The war effort involved all levels of society.
• Women and males too young or too old for military
  service worked in factories and farms.
• Women were the backbone of civilian life. On
  farms, they performed daily chores usually done
  by men.
• Union volunteer Clara Barton organized the
  collection of medicine and supplies for delivery
  to the battlefield.
• In the South, Sally Louisa Tompkins established a
  small hospital that became a major army hospital.

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Section 4 6. How did women help in the war
effort? Page 534

• Women provided medical care for soldiers injured
  in the war.

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Section 5 The Tide of War Turns

• Pages 536-543

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The Tide of War Turns

• The Big Idea
• Union victories in 1863, 1864, and 1865 ended the
  Civil War.
• Main Ideas
• The Union tried to divide the Confederate Army at
  Fredericksburg, but the attempt failed.
• The Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 was a major
  turning point in the war.
• During 1864, Union campaigns in the East and
  South dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy.
• Union troops forced the South to surrender in
  1865, ending the Civil War.

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Civil War Casulaties
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Main Idea 1 The Union tried to divide the
Confederate Army at Fredericksburg, but the
attempt failed.

• Ambrose Attacks
• General Ambrose E. Burnside sent to replace
  McClellan as leader of Army of the Potomac.
• Strategy attack Richmond by way of
  Fredericksburg
• Burnside caught Lee by surprise but delays left
  Lee enough time to organize and entrench
  Confederate forces.
• The Union lost the battle and suffered heavy
  casualties.

• Hooker Attacks
• General Joseph Hooker sent to replace Ambrose as
  leader of Army of the Potomac.
• Strategy outflank the Confederate army at
  Fredericksburg
• Hooker instead hesitated and took a defensive
  position at Chancellorsville where Union forces
  were overwhelmed by both Lee and Stonewall
  Jackson.
• The Confederates win a major victory.

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Section 4 8. What gave General Lee the chance to
reunite the two sections of his army in time for
the Union attack on Fredericksburg in 1862? Page
536

• The Union army was delayed by crossing the
  Rappahannock River.

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Section 4 9. Infer what did Generals McClellan,
Burnside, and Hooker have in common?

• They all lacked aggression and timing.

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Section 4 10. How did life change for civilians
in the North during the Civil War? Page 534

• Many civilians incapable of serving in the war
  had to take over the jobs left vacant by soldiers
  in the war.

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Main Idea 2 The Battle of Gettysburg in 1863
was a major turning point in the war.

• Largest and bloodiest battle of Civil War
• More than 51,000 soldiers were killed, wounded,
  captured, or went missing in three days.
• It was an important victory for the Union because
  it stopped Lees plan of invading the North.

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Section 5 1. What was significant about the
Battle of Gettysburg? Page 537-543

• Gettysburg was the turning point of the war
• It was the largest and bloodiest battle of the
  Civil War
• It stopped Lees plan of invading the North

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Battle of Gettysburg

• First Day
• Lees forces were gathered at Gettysburg,
  Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1863.
• Ran into Union forces under General George G.
  Meade, beginning the Battle of Gettysburg
• Union took up defensive positions

• Second Day
• Lee ordered attack on Union troops on Little
  Round Top.
• Both sides fought viciously for control.
• Union forces held off Confederates.

• Third Day
• Lee planned attack on center of Union line.
• General George Pickett led 15,000 men in
  Picketts Charge, a failed attack on Cemetery
  Ridge.
• Lee began planning retreat to Virginia.

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Aftermath of Gettysburg
Turning Point

• Gettysburg was turning point of warLee would
  never again attack in the North.
• Some 23,000 Union and 28,000 Confederate
  casualties
• Victory came the day before the Union capture of
  Vicksburg.
• Britain and France refused to aid South after
  Gettysburg.

Gettysburg Address

• Lincoln gave speech called Gettysburg Address at
  dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield
  cemetery.
• He praised bravery of Union soldiers and renewed
  commitment to winning the war.

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Section 5 2. How did Lincolns Gettysburg
Address reflect ideas from the Declaration of
Independence? Page 540

• The Gettysburg Address emphasized valuing
  liberty, equality, and democracy.

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Section 5 3. Why was the Battle of Gettysburg a
turning point in the Civil War? Page 540

• Gettysburg was the last time Lees troops
  launched an attack in the North.

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Section 5 4. What speech did President Lincoln
give in 1863, which expressed the confidence of
the Union and reminded Americans of the reasons
for war? Page 540

• Gettysburg Address

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Main Idea 3During 1864, Union campaigns in the
East and South dealt crippling blows to the
Confederacy.

• Lincoln was impressed with Grants victories
  gave him command of Union army.
• Grant forced Lee to fight series of battles in
  Virginia that stretched Confederate soldiers and
  supplies to limit.
• Wilderness Campaign series of battles designed
  to capture Confederate capital of Richmond,
  Virginia, in 1864.
• Grant kept moving toward Richmond but suffered
  huge casualties.
• Failure to capture Richmond by election of 1864
  distressed Lincoln.

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Sherman Strikes the South
Lincoln needed victory for Union army to help him
win reelection in 1864.
General William Tecumseh Shermans campaign to
destroy Souths railroads and industries provided
Lincoln his victory.
Shermans 100,000 troops marched south from
Tennessee in spring of 1864 to capture Atlanta,
Georgia, in September, and Savannah in December.
Sherman practiced Total War, destroying civilian
and economic resources, in the hope of ruining
the Souths economy and ending its ability to
fight. He hoped this would speed the end of the
war.
97
Section 5 5. How did the Unions capture of
Atlanta contribute to Lincolns reelection? Page
541

• The capture of Atlanta convinced Union voters
  that the North was making progress in the war.

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6. What important contribution did General
William Tecumseh Sherman make to the Union war
effort? Page 541

• General Sherman succeeded in destroying southern
  railroads and industries by capturing Atlanta.

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Section 5 7. What was the strategy of Total War
adopted by General Sherman? Page 542

• Total War was the practice of destroying all
  civilian, and military resources.

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Main Idea 4 Union troops forced the South to
surrender in 1865, ending the Civil War.

• Grant broke through Confederate defenses at
  Petersburg, Virginia, and Lee retreated to
  Richmond on April 2, 1865.
• Grant surrounded Lees army.
• Lee surrendered to Grant at the small town of
  Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.

101
Section 5 8. Why did General Lee decide to
surrender his troops at Appomattox Courthouse?
Page 542

• The Union had surrounded Lees troops and he had
  run out of supplies.

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Effects of the War

• Civil War had deep and long lasting effects.
• Almost 620,000 Americans killed
• The Souths defeat ended slavery.
• Majority of former slaves had no homes or jobs.
• Southern economy was in ruins.
• Tremendous amount of hostility remained.
• Many questioned how the United States could be
  united again.

103
Section 5 9. What was the economic condition of
the South after the end of the Civil War? Page 543

• The Souths condition was critical, as homes and
  jobs were not available to most people.

104
Section 5 10. Describe three ways African
Americans contributed to the Union War efforts?
Page 531

1. Worked as laborers
2. Served as soldiers and fought bravely
3. Formed their own units

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Section 5 11. What were the causes and effects
of the Civil War? Page 542

• Causes

• Effects

• Disagreement over the institution of slavery
• Economic differences
• Political differences

• Slavery Ends
• 6200,000 Americans killed
• Military districts created
• Southern economy in ruins