Texas and the Civil War

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Texans Go to War
Unit 6 Chapter 15 Sections 2-3
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In its declaration of secession, Texas stated
that it intended to go to war to preserve a
southern way of life that made racial
distinctions, in part, by maintaining blacks in a
condition of servitude.
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Civil War Begins

• The Civil War begins on April 1861 at Fort Sumter
  in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
• Confederate forces fire on a Union fort in the
  harbor and war begins
• Beauregard vs. Anderson Friends yet enemies.
  Beauregard led the Confederate troops and
  Anderson led the Union troops.

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Many Texans Become Soldiers

• Thousands of Texans like other Southerners joined
  the Confederate army immediately.
• In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed
  the Conscription Act which required men of a
  certain age to serve in the Confederate military
• German Americans and many other European
  immigrants to Texas objected to fighting against
  the Union.

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The two highest-ranking Texans in the Confederate
army were Albert Sidney Johnston and John Bell
Hood.
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Most Texans Support the South

• After the war began, most Texans who previously
  had been against secession now supported the
  Confederacy.
• James W. Throckmorton, who had voted against
  secession, realized that he could not fight
  against Texas.
• About 60,000 Texans joined the armed forces of
  the Confederacy.

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5TH TEXAS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, CO. K
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Some Texans Aid the Union

• About 2,000 Texas Unionists, including 50
  African-Americans, took up arms for the Union.
  Mexican-Americans served on both sides of the
  war.
• Many Texas Unionists who did not want to fight on
  either side left Texas.

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Major Battles of the Civil War
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Study the charts that follow and decideWhat
were the Union Advantages?What were the
Confederate Advantages?
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Rating the North South - Population
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Railroad Lines in 1860
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Industries Workers North South
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Soldiers Present for Duty in the Civil War
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Union Anaconda Plan

• 1. Capture Richmond, Virginia
• Capital of Confederacy
• 2. Blockade Southern ports
• Prevent trade with other countries
• 3. Capture the Mississippi River
• Cut Confederacy in half
• Cut off trade routes from New Orleans and Texas

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Strategies

• Union strategy to conquer South was called the
  Anaconda Plan.
• Confederate strategy to win the Union
• 1) defend the Confederate states
• 2) invade Northern states if opportunity arises

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Anaconda Plan
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Texas-Mexico Trade Routes
Texas was economically important to the
Confederacy because the Confederacy was able to
conduct foreign trade through Mexico by way of
Texas.
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Ft Sumter

• April 12, 1861
• Charleston Harbor Charleston, S.C.
• Union surrendered the fort

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Significance of Ft. Sumter

• Led to the secession of Virginia (VA), Arkansas
  (AR), Tennessee (TN), and North Carolina (NC)
• First military action of the war
• This is the start of the Civil War!

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First Battle of Bull Run

• July 21, 1861
• Manassas, Virginia (also called 1st Manassas)
• 30 miles from Washington, D.C.
• Confederates won the battle, but failed to force
  the Union army to retreat.
• 4,700 killed/wounded/captured (K/W/C)

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Significance of Bull Run

• First major battle of the war
• Confederate victory and a major morale boost for
  the South.
• It showed both sides that the War would not go
  exactly as expected-people thought the war would
  be over in a few daysit would last 4 years.

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Battle of Shiloh

• April 6-7, 1862
• Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee
• near Shiloh Church
• Confederate army drove Union back on the first
  day, but the Union won the battle the second day.
• 24,000 K/W/C

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Significance of Shiloh

• Texas General Albert Sidney Johnston killed.
• Considered one of Souths best Generals
• His death was a severe blow to Confederate Army
• Fought at Battle of San Jacinto
• Showed Americans that this would be a long and
  bloody war.
• It also showed the determination and skill of
  Ulysses S. Grant.

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Battle of Antietam

• September 17, 1862
• Bloodiest single day of the Civil War
• Bloodiest single day battle in American History!
• Battle is a Standoff and no side wins
• 28,000 killed (more WC)

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Battle of Gettysburg

• July 1 - 3, 1863
• Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
• General R.E. Lee led Confederate forces into the
  North. The Union army defeated the confederates
  in a costly 3 day battle
• 46,000 K/W/C
• Bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War!

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Significance of Gettysburg

• Turning point of the war
• Confederate invasion of the North failed. It was
  a HUGE morale defeat for the South.
• Combined with the defeat at Vicksburg the next
  day, the South was never able to recover.

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Vicksburg

• May 18 - July 4, 1863
• Vicksburg, Mississippi
• on Mississippi River
• Confederates surrender after 47 day Union siege
  of the city.
• 36,000 K/W/C

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Significance of Vicksburg

• Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Union army,
  took control of the Mississippi River.
• Split the confederacy in half and cut off
  important trade routes through New Orleans and
  Texas.

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Texans on the Attack

• The Confederacys first objective was to overtake
  Union garrisons and supplies.
• Texas launched a preventive strike on Union
  Forces in New Mexico.
• The New Mexico Campaign failed and was abandoned
  in July 1862.

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Battle of Galveston

• Union ships blockade Texas ports.
• Cotton was transported through Mexico and sent to
  Europe in exchange for war supplies.
• In October 1862 Union forces attacked and
  captured Galveston.
• Texas Confederate forces retook Galveston in
  January 1863.

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TheEmancipationProclamation
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Emancipation Proclamation

• By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation,
  President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the
  war.
• Terms of the Proclamation
• 1) Frees slaves in the Confederate states
• 2) Does NOT apply to areas occupied by the Union
  or states
• where slavery is permitted in the Union
  (border states of Missouri and Kentucky)
• Discourages Britain from supporting/joining the
  Confederacy
• The Proclamation brings mixed reactions.

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Emancipation in 1863
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Some Reactions

• gives war a higher moral purpose
• Free blacks can now join Union army and fight
  against slavery
• Northern Democrats claim it will antagonize the
  South and prolong the war
• Confederacy now MORE DETERMINED to fight to keep
  slavery
• No chance of compromise now-one side must WIN and
  the other side must LOSE!

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Texans Defend Sabine Pass

• Confederate soldiers defeated Union forces at
  Sabine Pass.
• Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards played a major
  role by capturing 350 soldiers and two boats.
• The Battle of Sabine Pass was an important
  Confederate victory, foiling the Unions major
  campaign against Texas.

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"There is no parallel in ancient or modern
warfare to the victory of Dowling and his men at
Sabine Pass considering the great odds against
which they had to contend" Jefferson Davis
The Battle of Sabine Pass September 8, 1863
In the fall of 1863, Confederate forces under the
command of Lt. Richard Dowling turned back a much
larger Union invasion force at the battle of
Sabine Pass.
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Forces Battle over Brownsville

• Hoping to cut off the overland supply line, the
  Union focused on Brownsville.
• In November 1863 Confederate troops drove back a
  Union attack on Brownsville.

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Red River and Beyond

• Union forces captured New Orleans. With 25,000
  troops, the Union forces moved toward East Texas.
• A smaller Confederate army led by Thomas Tom
  Green, met Union forces 25 miles from the Texas
  border in one of the bloodiest campaigns.

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Red River and Beyond

• Hoods Texas Brigade and Terrys Texas Rangers
  served bravely
• Terrys Texas Rangers served in more battles than
  any other cavalry regiment in the Civil War.
• General Robert E. Lee called Hoods men his
  finest soldiers.

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1864 Life During Wartime

• The Civil War brings about dramatic social and
  economic changes in American society including
• 1) African Americans join the Union army to fight
• 2) Other slaves seek freedom behind Union army
  lines
• 3) On plantations some destroy property, others
  refuse to leave

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Black Troops Freeing Slaves
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War Affects Regional Economies

• FOOD SHORTAGES in the South
• Food shortages from lost manpower, Union
  occupation, loss of slaves
• Blockade creates other shortages some
  Confederates trade with enemy
• ECONOMY BOOM in the North
• Industries that supply army boom
• Wages do not keep up with prices workers
  standard of living drops
• Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government
  jobs
• Congress establishes first income tax on earnings
  to pay for war

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Inflation in the South
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Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides

• More soldiers died from Dysentery (diarrhea) than
  were killed in battle
• Lived in unsanitary camps, conditions (epidemics
  easily spread) wash hands 1/day, bathe 1/week
• 75 of surgeries were amputations (saw often used
  on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing)
• - fingers the most amputated body part

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Casualties on Both Sides
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Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars
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The Civil War ENDS

• The Election of 1864
• 1) Lincoln re-elected for 2nd term
• ITS OVER! The Surrender at Appomattox
• 1) Confederate President Jefferson Daviss
  government flee Richmond and burn it to the
  ground
• 2) Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at the
  Appomattox Courthouse
• - Confederate soldiers pardoned on generous
  terms by Grant

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Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
After the War ended, Lee dedicated his home
above in Arlington, Virginia for a military
burial grounds today known as the Arlington
National Cemetery
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Battle of Palmito Ranch

• The final battle of the Civil War took place on
  May 12, 1865, at Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville.
• Confederate soldiers did not know that the war
  was over.
• Texans learned from their prisoners that Lee had
  surrendered a month earlier.

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The War Changes Lives

• New Birth of Freedom
• 1) 1865 13th Amendment abolishes slavery in
  all states
• Some Follow New Paths
• 1) Some soldiers stay in army, others are
  civilians, many go west

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The War Changes our Future

• Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
• 1) April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Fords
  Theatre
• 2) Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is later
  trapped by Union cavalry and shot
• 3) 7 million people pay respects to Lincolns
  funeral train

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Fords Theater (April 14, 1865)
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The Assassin
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Now He Belongs to the Ages!