S???????s

1
S???????sµ?? ?????????? ta?a?t?t??

• ???as?a st? µ???µa ??T???????

??? f??t?t? ?a????a ??????, ?.?.?. 4320 ??µ?a?
????????a? ?ate????s? ?e??ß?????t?? ??ad?µa???
?t?? 2004-2005, ???µ??? ?? ?pe?????? ?a????t??
??? S?a?d???? St?fa???
2
? ?????a

• S???????sµ?? e??a? ? d?ad??as?a, ?p?? d?? ?
  pe??ss?te?a s?st?µata a????ep?d???? µeta?? t???
  ?a? ?ata?????? ?a ?e?t??????? ?µ?f??a.

• ?a?ade??µata s???????sµ?? st?? ?µß?? ??sµ?

• ??tta?a p?????ta? st?? ?a?d?? ta?t?????a
• ?????aµp?de? st? ??t??a?at????? ?s?a f?t?ß?????
  ap? ??????
• Teat?? se µ?a ????µat???af??? a????sa d??ata? ?a
  ?t?p??? t?? pa??µe? t??? s???????sµ??a
• ?e?????? ??e? e?e???p?????ta? s???????sµ??a ?at?
  t? d????es? t?? ????? e??? ?e???? ?a? d?ad?d???
  t? ??µa e?p???s?? ta?t?????a

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? s???????sµ?? e??a? ??t? ?a??????? st?? ??e??a

• ? p?? p???µ? ???st? ep?st?µ????? s???t?s? ??a t?
  s???????sµ? ????????e?ta? a??et? ?????a p???.
  ???t? ?st????? µe??t? t?? fa???µ????
  p?a?µat?p??????e ap? t?? Christian Huygens t?
  1657, ?ta? ?atas?e?ase t? p??t? ?e?t???????
  e???eµ?? ?????. ? Huygens µe??t?se s?st?µata ap?
  d?? e???eµ? ??????a t?p??et?µ??a se µ?a ?????
  ß?s?. ?a?at???se ?t? ta ??????a µp????sa? ?a
  a??????ta? s??????a. ?p?p????, ?ste?a ap? µ?a
  d?ata?a?? ? s???????sµ??? ????s? ep?st?efe se
  pe??p?? µ?s? ??a.

• S?µe?a ? µe??t? t?? pe??e????, ??a e?e??? t??
  ep???, fa???µ???? s??e???eta?. ? s???????sµ??
  e??a? ??a ?eµe???de? ??µa sta µ? ??aµµ???
  fa???µe?a ?a? ?d? ??a d?µ?f???? a?t??e?µe??
  ??e??a?.

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?? ß????????? ta?a?t?t??

• ? s???????sµ?? e??a? ?µesa s??dedeµ???? µe ??a
  sp??da?? ?ef??a?? t?? f?s????, p?? e??a? ??
  ta?a?t?se??. ?? ?e??µe??? ß????????? ta?a?t?t??
  (biological oscillators) eµp?????ta? se p?????
  pe??pt?se?? s???????sµ?? st? ß???????? ??sµ?. ?
  µe??t? t?? d??s?? t??? e?s??e? t?? ?????a t??
  ???µ?? ?a? t?? ???µ???t?ta? st?? ß?????????
  d?e??as?e?.

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?e???d???t?ta??a ???e?a ?????a

• ??a s?µe?? se ??a? ????? ?a?e?ta? s???? ????a ?
  f?s?. ??te ? ap???ste??? ta?a?t?t?? ???? e??a?
  e?e???? st?? ?p??? ? f?s? ? µetaß???eta?
  ?µ???µ??fa ? ?, ?p?? t? ? e??a? sta?e??. ?
  ??s? e??a? ?(t) ?t ?? , p?? a?t?st???e? st??
  ?µa?? ??????? ????s? se ??a? ????? µe ????a??
  s????t?ta ?. ? ??s? e??a? pe???d??? p?? s?µa??e?
  ?t? t? ?(t) µetaß???eta? ?at? 2p ?a? ep?µ????
  ep?st??fe? st? ?d?? s?µe?? p??? st?? ?????, µet?
  ap? p???d? ?????? ?2p/?. ?? ????? ? t??
  ???µ????µe pe???d? t?? ta???t?s??.

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??? ta?a?t?t?? µe d?af??et???? s????t?te?
pe???d??? e?a???ss??ta? st? f?s?, d??ad? ??
ta?a?t?se?? pe???d??? ?a s?µp?pt???.

• Se ??a ????a??t??? p?????, ???sµ??e? f???? ??
  ?aµp??e? d?? d?af??et???? e????s??? ?a ?t?p???
  ta?t?????a, ?ste?a a??? ? ???? t?? ?a?eµ???
  ?e?????e? ?a? ?pe?ta te???? ?t?p??? µa?? ?a??.
  ??? ?? ta?a?t?t?? a????ep?d???? (p.?., e?? ?? d??
  d??µe?? p??spa???? ?a p??e???ta? µa?? ? e?e????
  p?? ?t?p??? t?? ?aµp??e? st?? d?? e????s?e?
  µp????? ?a a???? ? ??a? t?? ????), t?te µp????µe
  ?a ??ß??µe pe??ss?te?? e?d?af????ta ap?te??sµata,
  ?p?? st? ???µ? p?? ?? p????aµp?de? ??µp??? .

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?a?ade??µata ß????????? ta?a?t?t??

• ????ad???? ???µ??-ß?????µ??
• ?????µ???? ta?a?t?t??
• ?e?????? ta?a?t?t??

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??????µ???? e??a?

• ??????µ?? e??a? ???e pe???d??? fa???µe?? t??
  f?t???? ?a? t?? ?????? ??sµ?? .

? ep?st?µ? p?? ??e? ?? a?t??e?µe?? t?? p?s?t???
µe??t? t?? µetaß???? t?? ß????????? fa???µ????
st?? ????? e??a? ? ?????ß??????a. ?a ped??
µe??t?? t?? ?a??pte? t?s? t?? ????? ?s? ?a? t??
f?t??? ??sµ?.
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G?a t?? pe????af?, a????s? ?a? t?? e?µ??e?a t??
ß??pe???d???? fa???µ????, ?p?????? ?a?
???s?µ?p?????ta? ?a?a?t???st???? pa??µet???.

• ? pe???d?? t?? fa???µ???? (?)
• ? a????? f?s? f (? p??s?a??? ??s? t?? µ???st??
  t?µ??)
• t? e???? C (? d?af??? µeta?? t?? µ???st?? ?a?
  t?? e????st?? t?µ?? t?? fa???µ????)
• t? µ?s? ep?ped? (?) ? p??sa?µ?st??? ep?ped? t??
  ???µ??

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??????s? t?? ß?????µ??

• ?e ß?s? t?? pe???d???t?ta t??, t? ?p? µe??t?
  ß??pe???d??? fa???µe?? ?atat?sseta? se µ?a ap?
  t?? a??????e? ?at?????e?

• ???µ?? µe pe???d???t?ta µ????te?? t?? 12 ????
  (??f?ad???? ???µ??)
• ???µ?? µe pe???d???t?ta 24 ???? pe??p??
  (????ad???? ???µ??)
• ???µ?? µe pe???d???t?ta µe?a??te?? t?? 2,5
  ?µe??? (???t?ad???? ???µ??)

• ?p??e? ?a ?fe????ta? st?? ep?d?as? t??
  pe??ß?????t?? ? ?a ????? p????e?s? ?a?a??
  ?e?et??? ?a? ?a e??a?

• e???e?e??
• e?d??e?e??

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????ad???? ???µ??

• ????ad???? ???µ?? e??a? ?? ???µ?? µe
  pe???d???t?ta 24 ???? pe??p??. G?a t? ???? a?t?
  ???µ????ta? ?a? ?µe??s??? ???µ??. ??t???? e??a? ?
  ?????? ?p???/af?p??s??. ?a? ?? a???t???? ??s?e?
  t?? f?t??.

?p? t? ep??e????ta?

• ?? ?µe??s??? ???µ?? e??a? ?a?a?? e?d??e?e??
  ???µ??. ???????ta? ap? ta ?e??µe?a ß????????
  ??????a, d??ad? s?st?µata e?d??e???
  ß??ta?a?t?t??.
• .

• ??a es?te???? ????? s???????sµ??? µe t? e??te????
  pe??ß????? ep?t??pe? se ??a ???a??sµ? ?a
  ap?????eta? ???????te?a ?a? µ ??a pe??ss?te??
  a???p?st? t??p? st?? ?a??µe????? µetaß???? t??
  s??????? t?? pe??ß?????t??.

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?e??t? t?? s???????sµ?? st?? p????aµp?de?

• ?? p????aµp?de? p??sf????? ??a ap? ta p??
  e?t?p?s?a?? pa?ade??µata s???????sµ?? st? f?s?.
  Se ???sµ??a µ??? t?? ??t??a?at?????? ?s?a?,
  ?????de? a?se????? p????aµp?de? s???e?t?????ta?
  sta d??t?a t? ???ta ?a? a?aß?sß????? ap?
  ??????. ?? t? µ?ta?? ?? ??????? pe??p????? st??
  a??a, a?a??t??ta? ta a?se???? µe t?? p??
  ???te?t??? ??µ??. ????e?ta? ??a t? fa???µe?? t??
  ß??f?t?sµ?? ? t?? ß??f?ta??e?a? (bioluminescence)

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??? s?µßa??e? ?µ?? ? s?????????t?ta

• ?p?sd?p?te ?? p????aµp?de? de ?e??????
  s???????sµ??a. ? s???????sµ?? t??? d?µ?????e?ta?
  stad?a??, ?a??? p?fte? t? s??t?d?. ?? ??e?d? st??
  ?ata???s? t?? fa???µ???? e??a? ?t? p????aµp?de?
  ep??e????? ? µ?a t?? ????. ?ta? µ?a p????aµp?da
  ß??pe? t? ??µ?? ??p??a? ????? p????aµp?da?,
  ep?ß?ad??e? ? ep?ta???e?, d??ad? a????e? ?
  µe???e? t? ???µ? µe t?? ?p??? f?t?ß??e?, ?ts?
  ?ste ?a p??s???e? t? f?s? t?? ep?µe??? ??????,
  p??spa???ta? ?a s???????ste?. ???a? µ?a ??ass???
  pe??pt?s? pa??s??s?? (entrainment).

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?e??aµat?sµ?? µe t? ß???e?a t?? p?????µµat??
NETLOGO

• ?? µ??t??? a?t? ep?de????e? ??a? p????sµ?
  p????aµp?d?? p?? s??????????? t? ??µ?? t???
  ???s?µ?p????ta? µ??? t?? a????ep?d??se?? µeta??
  t?? µeµ???µ???? p????aµp?d??. ???a? ??a ?a??
  pa??de??µa ??a t? p?? ??a d?a?eµ?µ??? s?st?µa
  (d??ad? ??a s?st?µa µe p???? a????ep?d???ta
  st???e?a, a??? ?a???a ???t?) µp??e? ?a
  s??t???se? t?? ea?t? t?? ????? ??p???? ?e?t????
  s??t???st?.

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S?µa?t???te?a ap?te??sµata t?? µe??t?? µe t?
p????aµµa NETLOGO

• ? ?????? s???????sµ?? e??a? a?t?st??f?? a???????
  t?? p????sµ?? t?? p????aµp?d??.

• ?? fa???µe?? ?e???? p??ta µe ??a? ???sµ??? a???µ?
  s???????sµ???? at?µ??.

• ? ap?stas? µeta?? t?? at?µ?? t?? p????sµ?? pa??e?
  s?µa?t??? ???? st? s???????sµ?.

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S???????sµ?? st? sµ??????t???????s?

• ? ?e??µe?? ?e???a sµ????? ? ???µ?s??? sµ?????
  e?t?p??eta? st? s?µpe??f??? t?? ??????????
  e?t?µ?? (µ??µ????a, te?µ?te?, µ???sse?, ???sµ??e?
  sf??e?) ?a? sta sp??d???t? sta sµ??? p??????, st?
  s?µpe??f??? t?? a????? ?.a.

• ????e?ta? ??a e?ast???, a???p?sta, e?f??
  s?st?µata µe ?aµ???? ?p?????st???? apa?t?se??.

• ? ??????s? de? ep?t?????eta? ??t? ap? t??
  ep?pte?a ?a?e???, a??? µ?s? t?? a????ep?d?as??
  µeta?? t?? at?µ??.

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? a????ep?d?as? ep?t?????eta? µe e?e??sµata

• ??µ???

• ??e?t????

• ???t???

• ?pt???

? ?????a t?? a?t???????s??
??t? s?µa??e? t? s????? d??aµ???? µ??a??sµ?? µe
t? ?p??? ? d?µ? eµfa???eta? se µa???? ep?ped? ??
ap?t??esµa a????ep?d??se?? µeta?? t??
?aµ???te??? ep?p?d?? s?stat????. ?? ?a???e? p??
d?e?????????? t?? a????ep?d??se?? µeta?? t??
s?stat???? µ???d?? t?? s?st?µat?? e?te????ta?
ß?se? ?a?a?? t?p???? ?a?a?t??a p????f???e? ,
????? a?af??? st? sfa????? s??d??, t? ?p??? e??a?
p????pt??sa ?d???t?s?a t?? s?st?µat?? pa?? µ?a
?d???t?s?a p?? ep?ß???eta? ep??? st? s?st?µa ap?
µ?a e??te???? ep????? (Bonabeau et Al, 1997).