Law Enforcement Today

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• Chapter 5
• Law Enforcement Today

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Learning Outcomes

• LO1 List the four basic responsibilities of the
  police.
• LO2 List five main types of law enforcement
  agencies.
• LO3 Indicate some of the most important law
  enforcement agencies under the control of the
  Department of Homeland Security.
• LO4 Analyze the importance of private secutiry
  today.
• LO5 Indicate why patrol officers are allowed
  discretionary powers.

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List the four basic responsibilities of the
police.
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Learning Objective 1

• The basic responsibilities of police include
• To enforce laws
• To provide services
• To prevent crime
• To preserve the peace

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List five main types of law enforcement agencies.
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Learning Objective 2

• There are more than 17,500 law enforcement
  agencies in the US, employing more than 1 million
  people.
• 12,766 local police departments
• 3,067 sheriffs departments
• 1,481 special police agencies
• 49 state police departments
• 70 federal agencies

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Learning Objective 2

• Municipal Law Enforcement
• Most police officers work in small and
  medium-sized police departments.
• Municipal police agencies have the broadest
  authority to apprehend criminal suspects,
  maintain order, and provide services to the
  community.
• Local offices are responsible for a wide spectrum
  of duties.

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Learning Objective 2

• Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement
• Elected by community for two- or four-year terms.
  
• Responsible for
• Investigating violent crime
• Investigating drug offenses
• Maintaining the county jail
• Serving evictions and court summonses
• Keeping order in the courthouse
• Collecting taxes
• Enforcing orders of the court, such as
  sequestration of a jury

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Learning Objective 2

• The County Coroner
• Investigates all sudden, unexplained, unnatural,
  or suspicious deaths.

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Learning Objective 2

• State Police and Highway Patrols
• Historically, state police agencies were created
  for four reasons
• To assist local police agencies
• To investigate criminal activities that crossed
  jurisdictional boundaries
• To provide law enforcement in rural and other
  areas that did not have local or county police
  agencies
• To break strikes and control labor movements

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Learning Objective 2

• Highway Patrols
• 26 agencies
• Patrol state and federal highways
• Jurisdiction limited to traffic laws and
  investigation of traffic accidents

• State Police
• 23 agencies
• Statewide jurisdiction
• Wide variety of law enforcement tasks

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Learning Objective 2

• Federal law enforcement agencies
• Small percentage of Nations law enforcement
  force in numbers, but have substantial influence
• Authorized to enforce specific laws or attend to
  specific situations
• The most far-reaching reorganization of the
  federal government since World War II took place
  in 2002 and 2003, with the creation of the
  Department of Homeland Security

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Indicate some of the most important law
enforcement agencies under the control of the
Department of Homeland Security.
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Learning Outcome 3

• Department of Homeland Security
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection
• Polices the flow of goods and people across U.S.
  borders.
• U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• Investigates and enforces immigration and
  customs laws.
• U.S. Secret Service
• Combats counterfeiting and protects political
  figures.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Department of Justice
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• One of the primary investigative federal
  agencies.
• Has jurisdiction over nearly 200 federal crimes.
• Drug Enforcement Agency
• Enforces domestic drug laws and regulations.

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CAREERPREP

• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Agent
• Job Descript ion
• Primary role is to oversee intelligence and
  investigate federal crimes. Agents might track
  the movement of stolen goods across state lines,
  examine accounting and business records, listen
  to legal wiretaps, and conduct undercover
  investigations.
• Special agent careers are divided into five
  paths intelligence, counterintelligence,
  counterterrorism, criminal, and cyber crime.
• What Kind of Training Is Required ?
• A bachelors and/or masters degree, plus three
  years of work experience, along with a written
  and oral examination, medical and physical
  examinations, a psychological assessment, and an
  exhaustive background investigation.
• Critical skills required in one or more of the
  following areas accounting, finance, computer
  science/information technology, engineering,
  foreign language(s), law, law enforcement,
  intelligence, military, and/or physical sciences.
• Annual Salary Range?
• 61,10069,900
• For additional information, visit
  www.fbijobs.gov.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Department of Justice
• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearmsn, and
  Explosives
• Primarily concerned with the illegal sale,
  possession, and use of firearms, and control of
  untaxed tobacco and liquor.
• U.S. Marshals Service
• Provide security at courts, transport federal
  prisoners, and capture fugitives.

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CAREERPREP

• U.S. Marshal
• Job Descript ion
• Provide security at federal courts, control
  property that has been ordered seized by federal
  courts, and protect government witnesses who put
  themselves in danger by testifying against the
  targets of federal criminal investigations.
• Transport federal prisoners to detention
  institutions and hunt and capture fugitives from
  federal law.
• What Kind of Training Is Required ?
• A bachelors degree or three years of qualifying
  experience, which includes work in law
  enforcement, correctional supervision, and
  volunteer teaching or counseling.
• A rigorous seventeen-and-a-half-week basic
  training program at the U.S Marshals Service
  Training Academy in Glynco, Georgia.
• Annual Salary Range?
• 37,00047,000
• For additional information, visit
  www.usmarshals.gov/careers/index.html.

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Analyze the importance of private security today.
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Learning Outcome 4

• Over 100 billion spent each year
• Over 10,000 U.S. private security firms
• 1.1 million people employed in security each year

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Learning Outcome 4

• Private Security
• Citizens Arrest
• Any private citizen can perform a citizens
  arrest in certain circumstances.
• Deterrence
• Private security is intended to deter crime, not
  prevent it.

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Learning Outcome 4

• Trends in Private Security
• Lack of standards
• Quality of employees
• Continued growth driven by
• Increased public fear
• Workplace crime
• Police force reductions
• Rising awareness of cost-effectiveness of
  private security

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Indicate why patrol officers are allowed
discretionary powers.
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Learning Objective 5

• Patrol Officers have the greatest amount of
  discretionary power within the police agency.
• The courts have determined that patrol officers
  are in a unique position to be allowed
  discretion

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Learning Objective 5

• Police offices are considered trustworthy and are
  therefore assumed to make honest decisions,
  regardless of contradictory testimony.
• Experience and training give offices the ability
  to determine whether certain activities pose a
  threat to society, and to take reasonable action
  necessary to investigate or prevent such
  activity.

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Learning Objective 5

• Due to the nature of their jobs, police officers
  are extremely knowledgeable in human, and by
  extension, criminal behavior.
• Police officers may find themselves in danger of
  personal or physical harm and must be allowed to
  take reasonable and necessary steps to protect
  themselves.

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Learning Objective 5

• Three factors of police discretion
• The nature of the criminal act.
• Attitude of the wrongdoer.
• Departmental policy.