Animal Science

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Animal Science

• Agriscience Applications

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Objective

• Investigate careers related to the field of
  animal science

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Careers in Agriscience

• Most entry-level jobs require a high school
  diploma
• 20 require college degrees
• Some careers require advanced degrees
• Veterinarian
• Highly technical task (embryo transfer)
• High school agriculture class is a good start
• Largest number of new positions
• Scientists and Engineers

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Small Animal Industry

• Expanding greatly
• Small animals used for
• Pets
• Animal Research
• Food
• Fur
• Technicians and growers needed for
• Kennels, pets stores, animal hospitals
• Often require college training

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Equine Industry

• Expanding as interest in horses for pleasure and
  show increases
• Farriers
• Shoe and care for horses feet

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Objective

• Examine tools related to the animal science
  industry

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Animal Science Tools

• Candling Light
• View the interior of eggs
• Castration tools
• Burdizzo
• Castrator
• Artificial Insemination
• Artificial vagina to collect semen
• Insemination straw for the disposition of semen
  into the female

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Animal Science Tools

• Management tools
• Dehorner
• Rectal thermometer
• Syringe for injections
• V notcher for identification of swine

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Animal Science Tools
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Objective

• Analyze the various breeds of beef, swine and
  poultry as related to use and the economic value
  of each

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Beef Breeds

• English Breeds (European, Bos taurus)
• Angus- black breed with excellent meat quality
• Hereford- red with a white face
• Shorthorn- used in the bloodline of more than 30
  other breeds

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Angus
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Beef Breeds

• Exotic Breeds (India, Bos indicus)
• Grow faster than English breeds
• Leaner meat
• Brahman, BeefMaster, Brangus

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Brahman
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Beef Breeds

• Breeds in America have been developed by crossing
  (breeding) English and Exotic Breeds from India
• Resulted in
• Increased heat tolerance
• Parasite (worms, lice) resistance
• Resist disease

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Dairy Breeds

• Holstein
• 90 of the dairy cattle in the US
• Black and white
• Leading producer of milk
• Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per cow per year

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Dairy Breeds

• Other Breeds
• Guernsey- fawn and white
• Jersey- cream to light fawn to almost black
• Number one in milk fat
• Ayrshire-cherry red and white
• Brown Swiss- solid brown

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Holstein
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Jersey
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Swine and Poultry Breeds

• Objective Analyze the difference between swine
  and poultry

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Swine Breeds

• American Landrace
• Duroc
• Chester White
• Hampshire
• Yorkshire

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American Landrace
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Duroc
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Chester White
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Hampshire
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Yorkshire
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Swine Industry

• The swine industry has changed from the lard type
  hog to a lean type demanded by consumers today
• Types of operations
• Feeder-pig
• Market-hog
• Farrow to Finish

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Swine Industry

• Purebred producers produce high quality boars
• Improves the genetic make-up
• Purebreds are crossed with regular sows to
  increase hybrid vigor

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Poultry Production

• Classified as
• Broilers
• Meat chickens (Cornish)
• Layers
• egg producers
• White Leghorn are used mostly for egg production

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Poultry Industry

• Another Class of Chicken is the Bantam
• Miniature versions of standard breeds
• Primarily for show
• 90 of the turkeys grown are broad breasted
  whites
• Turkeys have been bred to produce birds with more
  breast meat

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Poultry Industry
Dutch Bantam Chicken
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Animal Nutrition

• Objective Determine the nutritional requirements
  for livestock and poultry breeds found in North
  Carolina

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Major Nutrients

• Water
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Fats and Oils

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Water

• Largest component of all living things
• Animals tissue is about 75
• Regulates body temperature
• Perspiration
• Transports nutrients
• Involved in all biochemical reactions

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Proteins

• Major component of muscles and tissues
• Made up of amino acids
• Continuously needed to replace dying body cells
• Young animals need large amounts for growth

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Carbohydrates

• Composed of sugar and starches
• Provide energy and heat
• Make up 75 of most animal rations
• Main source
• Corn
• Cereal grains

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Minerals

• 15 essential minerals
• Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc.
• Example calcium is needed in poultry for
  eggshell development
• Minerals are supplied by
• Naturally
• Mineral supplements
• Mineral (lick) blocks

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Vitamins

• Needed in small quantities
• Need for vitamins varies from species to species
• Sources
• Naturally found in feed
• Feed additives made from animal by-products
• Made by the body itself

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Fats and Oils

• Only needed in small amounts
• Improves
• Flavor
• Palatability
• Texture
• Increases fattening and milk production
• Carriers of some vitamins

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Classes of Feed

• Concentrates
• Low in fiber
• Cereal grains
• Animal and Plant by-products
• Roughages (high fiber)
• Dry roughage is hay
• Green roughage includes pastures
• Silage is roughage fermented from green chop

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TDN

• Total Digestible Nutrients
• Concentrates are high in TDN
• Roughages are low in TDN

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Animal Digestive Systems

• Objective Compare animal digestive systems of
  beef, swine, and poultry

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Ruminants
Ruminant Digestive System
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Ruminants

• Cattle, sheep, goats, deer
• Four compartments to their stomach
• Can eat more roughage in their diet
• Grass
• Hay
• Silage
• Green Chop

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Monogastric
Simple Digestive System
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Monogastric

• Swine, horses, rabbits, humans
• Stomach has one compartment
• Rations must be high in concentrates
• Grains
• Corn
• Animals can not digest large amounts of fiber or
  roughage

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Poultry

• Chickens
• Turkeys
• Ducks
• Geese

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Poultry

• No true stomach
• Can not store large amounts of food
• Birds do not have teeth for chewing
• Food is swallowed whole
• Stored in crop
• Ground up in the gizzard

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