An Agrarian Republic 1790-1824

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An Agrarian Republic1790-1824

• AP U.S. History

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Growth Economy

• 1800 most people live within 50 miles of coast
• Farms in small towns.
• 1790-1800 Population grows from 3.9M to 5.3M.
• LA Purchase gt Double the U.S.
• National Economy
• Foreign commerce.
• 1800- Predominantly agriculture.
• 94 live in small communities.
• Shipping opens trade with British French
• Coastal cities grow, move from rural to urban,
  creates a diversified economy.

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America in 1800
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Jeffersons Presidency

• An agrarian republic America should be a
  collective of small family farms in rural
  communities.
• Malthus Population growth would outpace ability
  to produce food leading to poverty and misery.
• T.J. U.S. has grown 40 every decade but the
  land resources of the continent can sustain
  growth.

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Jeffersons Government

• Campaign Promises
• Reduce army.
• Cut internal taxes.
• Eliminate national debt.
• Cut government staff.
• Self government for the yeoman farmer Federal
  government cannot be large.
• Kept all campaign promises.
• Buys LA Purchase for 15M.

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Party Politics

• Jefferson keeps majority of Federalist judiciary
  appointees.
• Denies Midnight Judge appointments.
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• Federal judiciary is the supreme interpreter of
  the Constitution.
• Balanced the 3 branches of government.

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Louisiana Purchase
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Louisiana Purchase

• France reacquires LA territory from Spain (1801).
• T.J. fears New Orleans will be cut off again.
• Authorizes Monroe to buy New Orleans for 2-10M.
  
• Napoleon offers LA territory for 15M and Monroe
  accepts without authorization.
• Largest peaceful land acquisition in U.S.
  history.
• T.J. worries Constitution does not allow
  executive to purchase land.

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Negative Aspects of Expansion

• Constant mobility.
• Environmental damage.
• Ruthlessness towards Indians.
• Sectional strains due to expansion of slavery.

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Louisiana Territory

• 529,911,680 acres _at_ 0.03 per acre.
• Racially and ethnically diverse.
• Total population 43,000
• American 6,000.
• French were dominant people and culture.

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Embargo Act- 1807

• British block and capture many U.S. trading ships
• USS Chesapeake
• British commander demands to come aboard and
  search for believed deserters
• USS Chesapeake captain refuses
• British open fire killing 3 and wounding 8
• 1807 Embargo Act Jefferson forbids trade with
  any foreign country. (Aimed at the British)
• Disaster for U.S. economy. Failure of peaceable
  coercion
• Exports fall from 108M to 22M.
• Deep economic depression.
• Evasion of policy.
• T.J. ends second term unpopular.

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Jeffersons Indian Policy

• Western expansion leads to invasion, resistance
  defeat.
• Assimilation.
• Indians surrender land, whites teach them how to
  farm and live on compressed reservations.
• Christianize Indians.
• Face assimilation removal or extinction.

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Indian Resistance 1790-1816
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Indian Resistance

• Treaties obtained in west through bribery,
  trickery and coercion.
• No tribe can give away common property.
• Strategy of strong defense and resistance.
• Tecumsehs strategy for survival
• Indian Territory General William Henry Harrison
  leads 1,000 soldiers to Tippecanoe (Indiana)
• Claims victory, but in reality dispersed the
  tribe and their numbers grow with hatred. Join
  forces with British.

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Indian Resistance 1790-1816
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War of 1812

• President Madison asks for declaration June 1,
  1812.
• Blame British for Indian uprisings.
• Selling weapons to natives
• Difficulties of neutral shipping rights.
• Capture of ships
• War Hawks Young Dem. Rep.s
• Despised the British, wanted to secure the U.S.
• Secure Florida to stop run away slaves from
  escaping there.
• Invade Canada and get rid of British.

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1812

• British were hurt by embargo.
• Federalists oppose wars.
• West south pro-war, New England and Middle
  states against war.

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Canada

• British-Indian alliance defeat Americans in
  north.
• Defeat due to
• MA, RI CT refuse to provide militia.
• Underestimate Indian (Tecumseh) and British
  forces.

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The War of 1812
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War in the South

• Andrew Jackson wins Creek War of 1812.
• Unable to win Florida, but succeeds in taking New
  Orleans.

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Naval War

• British blockade
• Attack coastal settlements.
• Burn Washington in summer of 1814.
• Star-Spangled Banner written as F. S. Key watched
  the battle on Fort McHenry.
• Baltimore

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Hartford Convention-1814

• Federalists meet to voice protest of War of 1812.
• 5 NE states represented MA, CT, RI, VT NH.
• Sealed destruction of Federalist party.
• Renewed states rights and the issue of secession
  again.
• Not enough support

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Treaty of Ghent-1814

• Weak and vague treaty.
• Major issues of impressments and neutral rights
  were not addressed.
• British evacuate western ports.
• Abandon insistence for buffer state for Indians
  in the NW.
• Indians are only clear losers.
• Ended feelings of colonial dependency.
• Last war U.S. and Britain fought against each
  other.

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Spread of Settlement Westward Surge, 18001820
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Reasons for Westward Movement

• Population Shift
• 1790 95 live in states bordering ocean.
• 1820 25 west of the Appalachian Mtns.
• 1800-1820 increase from 5.3M to 9.6M.
• Indian removal after War of 1812
• Overpopulated farm land
• Largest factor Price. Land Ord. of 1785 had only
  benefits wealthy.
• Land Act of 1820 Price is set at 1.25/acre,
  min. purchase of 80 acres (640 acre min in 1785)
  and 100 down payment.
• Most liberal land act in US history but still
  favors wealthy.

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Western Land Sales
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Social Results of Expansion

• North South Transplant and move directly west.
• Bring religion and culture with them.
• West fails to create a third voice in
  sectionalism because it still depended upon the
  North/South divide.

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Major Migration Routes, 18001820
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Second Great Awakening

• 1790s New England, spread through Protestant
  churches in whole country.
• Most dramatic on frontier.
• Organized religion becomes important facet of
  westward migration.
• Women were the majority of church members.

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Election of 1816

• Virginia Dynasty First four of five presidents
  are from VA (Washington, Jefferson, Madison
  Monroe).
• Last election for Federalists. (Rufus King)
• Democratic-Republicans or Jeffersonian had
  adapted many Federalist policies.
• No opponent against Monroe in 1820.
• Era of Good Feeling (1817-1825).
• Phrase applied to Monroes presidency

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Monroe's Presidency

• Sought national unity. Ease sectional
  differences by having both represented in his
  cabinet.
• Support Henry Clays American System first
  proposed by Hamilton (Federalist program).
• National Bank
• Tariff
• National system of roads and canals.
• Federal government must play a role in economic
  and commercial conditions.

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American System

• 1816 Second Bank of U.S. chartered for 20 years.
• Large scale financing to create a strong
  currency.
• Tariff of 1816 1st protective tariff in U.S.
  history.
• Southern and northern support. British are
  flooding markets.
• Roads Canals (internal improvements) are more
  controversial.
• Congressman want improvements in their state with
  federal money. Denied as unconstitutional.

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John Quincy Adams Foreign Policy

• Adams-Onis Treaty or Transcontinental Treaty
• Spain cedes Florida and drops claims to LA OR.
• US gave up claim on Texas territory
• Monroe Doctrine (created by Adams as Sec. of
  State for Monroe)-1823
• Any attempts by Europe to colonize in W. Hem will
  be seen as an attack on U.S. security
• End to colonization of the Western Hemisphere by
  European nations.

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John Quincy Adamss Border Treaties
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Panic of 1819

• Caused by end of War of 1812.
• American shipping boom comes to an end with
  Britain returning to the seas.
• European farm production increases.
• Land speculation causes inflation in southern
  land prices (100/acre).
• Farmers buy land on credit leading to
  foreclosures.
• Small banks fail, blame Bank of U.S. for
  problems.
• Urban workers become involved in politics.

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Missouri Compromise-1820

• Missouri Crisis of 1819-1821
• Does slavery expand westward?
• Had previously been decided regionally.
• 1819 Missouri applies for statehood as a slave
  state.
• Political issue Another slave state would give
  them the majority in the senate.
• Southerners do not believe congress has the power
  to limit the expansion of slavery. A question of
  property is a state issue. First time southern
  congressman threaten secession.
• Compromise
• Main admitted as a free state in 1820 and
  Missouri as a slave state in 1821.
• Set a line of boundary at the southern boundary
  of Missouri at the 36 30 line for slavery.

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The Missouri Compromise