Chapter 13 Triumph of Industry Section 1

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Chapter 13 Triumph of IndustrySection 1
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Technology Industrial Growth

• Natural Resources Fuel Industrialization
• America was considered an agricultural nation
  until after the Civil War.
• By 1920 it had become the leading industrial
  power in the world. Why?
• Three Reasons
• A wealth of natural resources
• Government support for business
• Growing urban population that provided both cheap
  labor and markets for new products

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Natural Resources

• Oil (black gold) - In 1859, Edwin Drake
  successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil
  from the ground.
• Coal
• Water
• Iron contains carbon, which makes steel rust
• Steel Two men developed a process to remove
  carbon from the iron, to make steel

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Bessemer Process

• Henry Bessemer, a British manufacturer and
  William Kelly, an American iron maker, around
  1850, developed a cheap and efficient
  manufacturing process for steel.
• The process involved injecting air into molten
  iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.
• By 1860, the Bessemer process was replaced by the
  open-hearth process. This process enabled the
  manufacturers to produce steel from scrap metal
  as well as other raw materials.

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Immigrants Come to America and the workforce grows

• Europeans and Asians immigrate to America because
  of politics, religion, and crop failures
• Willing to work for low wages
• Drought in U.S. Heartland

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Capitalism Encourages Growth

• Entrepreneurs - people who invest money into
  business fuel growth of industry.
• Factories, railroads, mines create jobs and
  attract foreign investors.

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Government Policies Encourage Free Enterprise

• Free land to railroads to connect east and west
  coasts
• Protected Tariffs- taxes placed on imported goods
  so people would buy locally
• Laissez Faire Policies allowed businesses to run
  with little government regulation

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Innovation and Inventions

• Patent- grant by the federal government giving an
  inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and
  sell an invention for a set period of time.
• Businesses invested heavily into growing new
  innovations and expanding old ones.

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Inventions and Patents

• Thomas Edison- received more than 1000 patents
  for his new inventions (created an idea for a
  power plant to light certain sectors of cities)
• George Westinghouse-developed technology to send
  electricity over long distances.

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• Typewriter was invented by Christopher Sholes
  in 1867.
• Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell
  and Thomas Watson in 1876.
• These two inventions created new jobs for women.
  Women made up 5 of all office workers in 1870,
  by 1910 they made up 40 of the clerical workers.

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The Influence of the Railroad

• In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was
  completed. This linked the Atlantic Ocean to the
  Pacific Ocean.
• Communities operated on their own time, when the
  sun was directly over your community it was noon.

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• Professor C.F. Dowd proposed that the earth be
  divided into 24 time zones, one for each hour of
  the day.
• It was not until 1883 that everyone synchronized
  their watches.
• The U.S. Congress did not officially adopt
  railroad time until 1918.
• Company Towns - George M Pullman built a factory
  in Illinois and a city that provided for almost
  all the workers needs, i.e., houses, doctors, and
  shops.

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Technology and Transportation

• George Westinghouse created the air braking
  system.
• Refrigerated cars were introduced
• Railroads would allow for mass quantities of
  goods to be shipped from coast to coast

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Industrialization

• U.S. starts to export grain, steel, textiles to
  international markets across the world
• Farms became mechanized meaning out of work
  laborers who had to move to cities to find jobs
• Environmental impact becomes a problem leading to
  soil erosion and dust storms
• Congress responded by setting aside protected
  lands which are now part the National Park
  Service.

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Rise of Big BusinessSection 2
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• Corporation a number of people share the
  ownership of a business.
• Cartel businesses making the same product agree
  to limit their production and thus keep high
  prices.

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John D. Rockefeller

• Owned Standard Oil, used a trust to gain control
  of the oil industry in America.
• Monopoly complete control of a product or
  service.
• Trust companies assign their stock to a board
  of trustees, who combine them into a new
  organization.

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• Andrew Carnegie started out as a private
  secretary in the railroad business and ended up
  owning a steel business. He introduced many new
  business strategies.
• 1. Vertical Integration a process in which he
  bought out suppliers.
• 2. Horizontal Integration a process where a
  company attempts to buy-out competitors or merge
  with them.

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Social Darwinism

• an economic and social philosophy holding that
  a system of unrestrained competition will ensure
  the survival of the fittest.

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Government Imposes Regulations

• Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form a
  trust that interfered with free trade between
  states or with other countries.
• Interstate Commerce Act (ICC) this act
  reestablished the right of the federal government
  to supervise the railroad activities and other
  American business operations.

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Organized Labor MovementSection 3
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• Factory workers toiled long hours 12 hours a
  day, 6 days a week in small hot, dark, and
  dirty workhouses known as sweatshops.
• Collective Bargaining negotiating as a group
  for higher wages or better working conditions.

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• Socialism an economic and political philosophy
  that favors public, instead of private
  individuals, control of property and income

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Union Leaders

• Samuel Gompers Would use strikes as a tactic to
  get his way. He was the president of the American
  Federation of Labor (AFL).
• Eugene V. Debs leader of the American Railway
  Union ( A.R.U.) Was arrested and imprisoned for
  conspiring against interstate commerce during the
  Pullman Strike.

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Violence and Tragedy

• Great Strike of 1877 workers of the B O
  Railroad struck to protest a second wage cut.
  The government intervened when federal troops
  were sent in to end the strike.
• The Haymarket Affair On this day a bomb was
  thrown into the police line and several people
  were killed. After this the public began to turn
  against the labor movement.
• Homestead Strike took place at Carnegie Steel
  plant in Homestead, PA. Pinkertons private
  police force was called in and several workers
  were killed.