Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture

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Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture
Fred D. Collie Adjunct Professor Kaplan
University fcollie_at_kaplan.edu
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Creative Project Types Of Evidence

• Create a 6-7 slide PowerPoint presentation
  (excluding the title and reference slides) that
  addressed the following
• Identify the types of evidence and their
  importance to the investigative process
• Discuss the various types of evidence and how it
  is collected
• Discuss how the evidence is examined
• Discuss the types of information the evidence can
  provide
• Discuss some possible contamination issues with
  the collection of the evidence.
• Address any other relevant issue to this topic.
• For assistance with this assignment, refer to
  chapters 2 and 3 of your text

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Overall Goal Of Project

• CJ210-3 Identify the types of evidence and their
  importance to the investigative process
• GEL-1.1 Demonstrate college-level communication
  through the composition of original materials in
  Standard American English

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Unit 3 Creative Project Checklist

• Create a 6-7 slide PowerPoint presentation
  (excluding the title and reference slides) that
  addresses the following
• Identify the types of evidence and their
  importance to the investigative process
• Discuss the various types of evidence and how it
  is collected
• Discuss how the evidence will be examined
• Discuss the types of information the evidence can
  provide
• Discuss some possible contamination issues with
  the collection of the evidence.
• What are the different types of evidence?
• Address any other relevant issue to this topic.
• For assistance with this assignment, refer to
  chapters 2 and 3 of your text and use the Unit 3
  Project PowerPoint Template

Not Yet Yes
Purpose for Writing
Did you identify the different types of evidence in a criminal case, and discuss their importance
Do you have a clear Purpose for your PowerPoint?
Did you state the Major Topics clearly?
Research
Is your research Current and Credible Sources?
Did you answer all the questions in a Substantive manner?
Content
Is your content Accurate?
Is your content Comprehensive enough to address the topic?
Format
Did you prepare you paper in a PowerPoint Document?
Did you name your file Correctly?
Did you check your document for Spelling and Grammatical errors?
Is your PowerPoint the correct Length?
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Unit 3 Creative ProjectTypes Of Evidence

• CJ 210 Criminal Investigation
• Fred Collie

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Types of Evidence(Various types of evidence and
how it is collected p. 41 )
Slide 1

• (Type of Evidence, Give example of collection)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Collection)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Collection)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Collection)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Collection)

(Osterburg Ward, 2007, p. 41)
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How Evidence is Examined(Chapters 2 3)
Slide 2

• (Type of evidence, Give example of Examination)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Examination)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Examination)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Examination)
• (Type of Evidence Method of Examination)

Running a cleaning patch through the barrel of a
weapon can reveal if a weapon has been fired
since it was last cleaned (Osterburg Ward,
2007). (page 74)
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Information Derived from Evidence(Chapters 2
3)
Slide 3

• What information do you get from the evidence?
  (Provide Examples) 
• What information do you get from the evidence?
  (Provide Examples)                             
• What information do you get from the evidence?
  (Provide Examples)
• What information do you get from the evidence?
  (Provide Examples)                        

When the friction ridge lines of a fingerprint
are properly examined, and an identity between
the latent print and a known print can be shown,
there is irrefutable evidence that the identified
individual made the latent print (Osterburg
Ward, 2007, p. 67).
(Osterburg Ward, 2007)
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Contamination of Evidence (Chapters 2 3)
Slide 4

• (How might evidence be contaminated during
  collection or storage?)
• (How might evidence be contaminated during
  collection or storage?)
• (How might evidence be contaminated during
  collection or storage?)
• (How might evidence be contaminated during
  collection or storage?)
• (How might evidence be contaminated during
  collection or storage?)

Physical evidence may undergo change due to
bacterial or chemical contamination, resulting
from the use of unclean containers (Osterburg
Ward, 2007). (Page 128)
(Osterburg Ward, 2007
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Additional Relevant Information
Slide 5

• (You Decide)
• You could discuss challenges, importance, new
  technology etc.
• For example
• Three important considerations should govern the
  collection of evidence
• 1. Whenever possible, variables must be
  controlled.
• 2. Background material must be collected.
• 3. The quantity of the sample must be
  sufficient.

(Oseterburg War, 2007 , p.129)
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Conclusion
Slide 6

• Dont stop, FINISH!
• What should your audience remember about your
  presentation? Why was it important?
• For Example
• Evidence, in its various forms, is more often
  involved in establishing the guilt of a suspect
  beyond a reasonable doubt however, evidence is
  an equally significant aspect of the protection
  of the innocent.

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Unit 3 Creative ProjectTypes Of Evidence

• CJ 210 Criminal Investigation
• Fred Collie

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References

• Osterburg, J.W., Ward, R.H. (2007). Criminal
  Investigation A Method for Reconstructing the
  Past (Fifth Edition). Newark, NJ Matthew Bender
  Company, Inc.

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Possible Outline

• Slide 1- Title Slide (Your information, the
  name of your project)
• Slide 2- Various types of evidence and how it
  is collected (p. 41)
• 1. (Type of evidence, Give example of
  collection)
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
• Slide 3- How Evidence is Examined
• 1.
• 2
• 3

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Possible Outline

• Slide 4- Information Derived from Evidence
• 1
• 2
• 3
• Slide 5- Contamination of Evidence
• 1
• 2
• 3
• Slide 6- Additional relevant information
• 1. (You decide)
• Slide 7- Conclusion
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.

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Types of Evidence

• Fingerprints- Latent, Visible, Plastic
• Bullets and Cartridges-Comparison Microscope
• Handwriting- Typewriting, Printing
• Shoe Impressions- Castings used for Comparison
• Tool impressions- Hammer, Screwdriver, Jimmy,
  Cutting Devices

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Tool Impressions
Example- Addressing all required aspects of a
type of evidence in a table
Examples Methods of Collection Examination Information Contamination Issues
Examples (What made the impression, the tool itself) Hammer etc. How would you collect package transport and store these pieces of evidence? How would you examine this type of evidence? What information would this evidence provide? How might this evidence be contaminated or compromised?

• You could add any additional information or
  explanation here.

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Probable Cause
Example- P.C . addressed in a table
Probable Cause Facts that a reasonable, prudent person would accept as a basis for decision making. Facts that a reasonable, prudent person would accept as a basis for decision making.
Quantity Prima facie presumptive but rebuttable.   (Evidence that is sufficient to raise a presumption of fact or to establish the fact in question unless rebutted)1 Prima facie presumptive but rebuttable.   (Evidence that is sufficient to raise a presumption of fact or to establish the fact in question unless rebutted)1
Degree of Uncertainty Less than apparent but still quite possible. Less than apparent but still quite possible.
Usage in Science Basis for theory development through testing of hypothesis.   (A conjecture that provisionally accounts for a set of facts can be used as the basis for additional investigation and guide in gathering further information)2 Basis for theory development through testing of hypothesis.   (A conjecture that provisionally accounts for a set of facts can be used as the basis for additional investigation and guide in gathering further information)2
Law in the U.S. Satisfies requirement for an arrest or issuance of a warrant for search and seizure of evidence. Basis for going on to the next stage of a legal proceeding. If no defense is made, prima facie evidence for every element constitutes a prima facie case that is sufficient to support a conviction in criminal cases. Satisfies requirement for an arrest or issuance of a warrant for search and seizure of evidence. Basis for going on to the next stage of a legal proceeding. If no defense is made, prima facie evidence for every element constitutes a prima facie case that is sufficient to support a conviction in criminal cases.
Criminal Investigation in the U.S. Obtain a search warrant what or an arrest warrant. Obtain a search warrant what or an arrest warrant.
1http//www.lectlaw.com/def2/p078.htm (Accessed 12/18/08) 2Osterburg Ward, 2007, p. 794
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Chapter 7

• Records and FilesNurtured Resource or Arid
  Archive?

Osterburg Ward, 2007
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How Law Enforcement Records are Categorized

• Type of offense
• Name(s) of offender(s)
• Name(s) of victim(s)
• Location
• Date and time of occurrence
• Relevant facts pertaining to case

Osterburg Ward, 2007
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Crime Pattern Analysis

• Identifies possible suspects for a particular
  crime
• Lists crimes with a common offender
• Identifies crime trends and potential targets
• Prepares crime maps by type and location of
  crime, or by residences of known offenders

Osterburg Ward, 2007
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Organization of an MO File

• Type of crime
• Time, day, location
• Type of property or persons targeted
• Building
• Object
• Ruse used by perpetrator
• Tale used by perpetrator
• Miscellaneous idiosyncrasies
• Photographs
• Electronic data processing

Osterburg Ward, 2007
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Chapter 8

• InformantsCultivation and Motivation

Osterburg Ward, 2007
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Informant

• An individual that provides information to an
  investigator (Osterburg and Ward, 2007).
•  
•  
• Anyone who can provide information about a case
  but who is not a complainant, witness, victim or
  suspect (Hess Hess, 2010, p. 174).

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Motives for Informing

• Self-serving reasons
• Cutting deal, eliminating competition, building
  credit
• Mercenary reasons
• Paid informants
• Self-aggrandizement
• Favorable attention from authorities
• Emotions
• Fear, revenge, jealousy, repentance, gratitude
• Civic Duty

(Osterburg Ward, 2007)
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Handling Informants

• Meet on neutral ground
• Treat informant fairly
• Treat informant courteously
• Appeal to reason of motivation
• Clue in newly recruited informant
• Explain entrapment
• Maintain cover
• Keep informants in line
• Advise informant not to commit crimes for
  information
• Keep financial transactions exact

(Osterburg Ward, 2007 , pp. 231-232)
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Interviewing Informants

• Press for details
• Be tactful
• Check reliability of information
• Do not reveal discrepancies in information
• Be sympathetic
• Avoid embarrassing questions
• Maintain control of interview

Osterburg Ward, 2007
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Conditions Meeting Entrapment

• Law enforcement official or person acting as
  agent of law enforcement
• Purpose is to institute a criminal prosecution
• Innocent individual is induced
• Conduct constitutes a criminal offense
• Person who otherwise would not do so is prompted
  to commit an illegal act

(Osterburg Ward, 2007)
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Key Terms

• Crime Mapping

• The end product of a process that starts with the
  first-responding officers report that is
  processed by data entry personnel, entered into a
  database, and transformed into a symbol on paper.
  In this narrow interpretation, a map is merely a
  picture or part of a database.
• http//www.ncjrs.gov/html/nij/mapping/ch2_1.html
  (Accessed 12/18/08)

• http//www.caliper.com/Maptitude/crime/default.htm
  
• (Accessed 12/18/08)

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Information Science

• Information Science is the field closely
  associated with computer science and information
  management. It is primarily concerned with the
  structure, representation, management, storage,
  retrieval and transfer of information.
  Information science deals with ways in which a
  human experience can be represented, stored and
  retrieved at a later time. It deals with
  innovative techniques for presenting information
  in ways that can be understood by different
  audiences. Information Science encompasses the
  technical issues regarding information flow,
  database systems and data security, information
  quality and assurance, network reliability and
  network security, computer systems and computer
  system administration.

http//ualr.edu/informationscience/ (Accessed
1/24/10)
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Confidential Source

• Any individual stipulating confidentiality, who
  is freely providing intelligence or investigative
  information on a one-time basis, or responding
  to questions during a field interview, or in a
  custody interview.
• Reliable Confidential Informant (RCI) A
  confidential informant who has furnished
  information in two separate matters, is found to
  be reliable through independent sources and
  investigation and has satisfactorily fulfilled
  all other criteria. http//tallahassee.com/assets/
  pdf/CD10811059.PDF (Accessed 1/24/11)

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Probable Cause

• Apparent facts discovered through logical inquiry
  that would lead a reasonably intelligent and
  prudent person to believe that an accused person
  has committed a crime, thereby warranting his or
  her prosecution, or that a Cause of Action has
  accrued, justifying a civil lawsuit.
• The probable cause standard is more important in
  Criminal Law than it is in Civil Law because it
  is used in criminal law as a basis for searching
  and arresting persons and depriving them of their
  liberty. Civil cases can deprive a person of
  property, but they cannot deprive a person of
  liberty.
• http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Prob
  ableCause (Accessed 12/18/08)

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Quid Pro Quo

• Something for something, as in making a deal,
  e.g., plea bargaining (Osterburg Ward, 2007, p.
  800).
• QUID PRO QUO - Lat. 'what for what' or 'something
  for something.' The concept of getting something
  of value in return for giving something of value.
  For a contract to be binding, it usually must
  involve the exchange of something of value.
  http//lectlaw2.securesites.net/def2/q003.htm
  (Accessed 12/18/08)

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Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture
Instructor Fred D. Collie