Manifest Destiny 1803-1853

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Manifest Destiny1803-1853

• The United States Expanded from the Atlantic to
  the Pacific
• in 50 years

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Manifest Destiny

• A belief shared by many Americans in the mid
  1800s that the United States should expand across
  the continent to the Pacific Ocean.
• President Polk believed it was our manifest
  destiny, or obvious fate to settle land all the
  way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread
  democracy.

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Louisiana Purchase 1803

• Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory
  from France for 15 million.
• Jefferson wanted to make sure the U.S. had
  control of the Port of New Orleans and the
  Mississippi River.
• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the
  United States.
• The U.S. stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the
  Rocky Mountains.

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Florida 1819

• The U.S. wanted to take Florida from Spain
  because of attacks by Seminole Indians and
  runaway slaves in Georgia.
• In 1819, President Monroe sent General Andrew
  Jackson to Florida to help protect the U.S.
  border.
• Jackson invaded Florida and overthrew the
  governor of Florida. He had no direct orders from
  President Monroe.
• Spain gave Florida to the U.S. in exchange for 5
  million and control of Texas.

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Texas 1830s

• In 1821, Texas was a part of Mexico.
• Stephen Austin was an empresario agent to bring
  settlers to Texas.
• Stephen Austin brought the first 300 families to
  Texas - known as the Old Three Hundred.
• By 1830, 25,000 Americans were living in Texas.
  They were required to become Mexican citizens and
  become Catholic.
• The Americans had to follow Mexican law.
• When Americans complained, Mexico closed Texas to
  further American immigration.

Stephen Austin
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Texas Revolution 1835-36

• After Mexico closed Texas to Americans, Stephen
  Austin went to negotiate with the Mexican leader,
  Antonio López de Santa Anna.
• Austin was jailed, and the Texans revolted.
• In February 23- March 6, 1836, Mexico attacked
  the Texans at the Alamo. This 13-day siege
  resulted in the killing of all the Americans
  (except some women, children and slaves).
• In April, the Mexican army massacred the Texan
  rebels at Goliad.
• After the Alamo and Goliad, Sam Houston surprise
  attacked Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
  Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!
• Texas won its independence.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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Texas Statehood 1845

• Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a
  treaty giving Texas its independence.
• Texas became an independent nation in 1836 called
  the Lone Star Republic.
• Sam Houston became President.
• Annexation of Texas was delayed
• Worry that adding Texas as a slave state would
  upset the balance between free and slave states
• Fear that annexing Texas would lead to war with
  Mexico
• Texas joined the U.S. and became the 28th state
  in 1845.

Sam Houston
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Oregon Country 1846

• In 1820, both the U.S. and Britain claimed to own
  Oregon Country.
• In the 1830s and 1840s, thousands of American
  pioneers were going west to settle in Oregon
  Country.
• President Polk wanted all of Oregon to the
  fifty-four fifty parallel. The American people
  cried, Fifty-four forty or fight.
• Neither Polk nor Britain wanted war.
• Britain and the U.S. compromised. They split
  Oregon in half at the 49th parallel. The U.S. got
  the southern half.

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War with Mexico 1846-48

• President Polk wanted to expand the U.S.
  territory clear to the Pacific Ocean.
• He offered to buy California and New Mexico
  territories from Mexico for 30 million. Mexico
  refused.
• After the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, Mexico and
  the U.S. disagreed on the Texas border
• The U.S. claimed the Rio Grande River.
• Mexico claimed the Nueces River.
• The U.S. sent troops to patrol the border.
• Conflict broke out and the Mexican army killed
  U.S. troops on disputed land.
• Polk declared war, claiming Mexico spilled
  American blood on American land.

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War with Mexico 1846-48

• The U.S. Army had better weapons and equipment,
  but it was greatly outnumbered by the Mexican
  forces and was poorly prepared.
• The U.S. took New Mexico territory without a
  fight and claimed the territory.
• Zachary Taylor defeats Santa Anna at the Battle
  of Buena Vista.
• U.S. troops under Winfred Scott (old fuss and
  feathers) capture Mexico City.
• This led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
  which ended the war.

Battle of Buena Vista
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Bear Flag Revolt 1846

• Small group of American settlers seized the town
  of Sonoma.
• Americans declared California an independent
  nation and made a grizzly bear flag.
• John C. Fremont was leading a mapping expedition
  in the Sierra Nevadas. He joined the American
  settlers in their revolt against the Californios.
• Shortly after, U.S. naval forces came ashore in
  California and raised the stars and stripes. They
  claimed California for the United States.

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Mexican Cession 1848

• In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave
  the U.S. the territories of California, Nevada
  and Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and
  parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
• The US also claimed Texas north of the Rio Grande
• The U.S. paid 15 million for the territory
• Today this is the American southwest.
• Mexican Cession increased the size of the US by
  25

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Gadsden Purchase 1853

• After the war with Mexico, Americans wanted to
  guarantee that any southern railroad to
  California would be built completely on American
  soil.
• US paid 10 million for the southern parts of
  Arizona and New Mexico.
• The existing boundary between the U.S. and Mexico
  was fixed.

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Donner Party 1846

• Settlers bound for California took a southern
  route known as the California Trail. This path
  went through the Sierra Nevada mountain range.
  Settlers tried to cross the mountains before the
  first snow.
• Guidebooks helped pioneers find their way.
• Lansford Hastings wrote the Emigrants Guide to
  Oregon and California. Hastings guide
  advertised a new shortcut that would save 300-400
  miles. Hastings had never traveled the route
  himself.
• Following Hastings guide and shortcut, The
  Donner Party left the California trail and got
  lost. They were trapped in the Sierra Nevada in
  winter. They were stuck without food and resorted
  to eating the dead to survive. 42 of 87 died.

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California Gold Rush 1849

• Gold was found in Sutters Mill in 1848.
• In 1849, about 80,000 gold seekers, known as
  forty-niners, came to California hoping to strike
  it rich.
• Panning for gold was the simplest method.
• A miner fills a pan with dirt. He then puts the
  pan under water and shakes it until any gold
  settles on the bottom.

Sutters Mill
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California Gold Rush 1849

• Mining camps sprung up whenever enough people
  gathered to look for gold.
• At the mining camps, many people prospected
  (searched for gold). Others ran businesses that
  catered to the miners - laundry, food,
  innkeepers, legal services, supplies

Famine and economic hardship in China brought
many Chinese to California. However, they faced
discrimination and a high tax on foreign miners.
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Impact of Gold Rush

• The arrival of 49ers created a population boom
• Immigration increased diversity of population
• California became a state in 1 year
• Growth of new businesses and industry transformed
  Californias economy
• Gold mining was important, but farming and
  ranching grew
• Discrimination of Californios and Native
  Americans