The Rise of the Middle Ages

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Tell me what you know about the Middle Ages
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Periodization
Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle Ages
1000 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
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The Early Middle Ages
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Middle Ages, Medieval ages , Dark ages ?

• Middle as in time between the end of the Roman
  Empire and ancient civilization and the rebirth
  (Renaissance) of progress/growth in Europe
• Medieval is middle in Latin
• Early Middle Ages is called the Dark Age because
  it was not a great time in Europe
• Fall of Rome left vacuum filled by brutal
  warlords and barbarians
• Much knowledge lost

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Barbarians of the Dark Ages

• Celts
• Huns
• Goths
• Visigoths
• Ostrogoths
• Vandals
• Burgundians
• Britons and Picts
• Anglo-Saxons
• Jutes
• Angles
• Saxons
• Franks

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Fact to know and remember

• Europe is the continent having a Dark Age
• Everyone else is not

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Britons
Huns
Celts
310 to 500 AD
Africa
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Who and when are Arthur and Merlin?

• No artifacts found
• a half-forgotten Celtic deity that devolved into
  a personage ?
• a Roman-British leader who fought against the
  invading Saxons ?
• Castus, a Roman leader who led a group of
  Samatians near Hadrians Wall?
• First appears in Welsh literature In a surviving
  early Welsh poem, The Gododdin (ca. AD 594)

400 to 500 AD?
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Mosaic of King Arthur on floor of Otranto
Cathedral in Italy built in 500s AD
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Arthur ?
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Merlin ?
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Valle Crucis Abbey near the town of Llangollen in
North Wales.  The present ruins date from around
the year 1200, but a monastic building has stood
on this spot since the early Dark Ages(300-400). 
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Glastonbury Abbey- Avalon?

• .

 
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How about Druids?

• priestly class in ancient Celtic Iron Age
  societies
• Acted as priest, arbitrator, healer, scholar, and
  magistrate.
• Polytheists and animists,
• All instruction was communicated orally,
• Believed in reincarnation
• Worshiped in groves of oak trees
• Gone/no mention after 100 AD
• Samhain Halloween

Base-relief found at Atun of two Druids
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Mabinogian

• 1060 to 1200,
• Collection of stories from Medieval Welsh
• Rhiannon
• Merlin/Taliesin
• Evangeline Walton
• The Chronicles
• of Prydain by
• LLyod Alexander
• The Black Cauldron by Disney

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The Rise of the Franks

• Franks originally from a Germanic tribe that
  settled in Belgium and the Netherlands
• Merovingian's (The Matrix)
• Clovis
• Carolingians-
• Charles Martel
• Pepin the Short
• Charlemagne

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Clovis

• Cruel, merciless
• United Franks by war
• Excellent military leader
• France gets name
• from the Franks
• Converted to Christianity
• Ordered his people
• to do so also
• Sons divided the Kingdom

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Carolingians 714 to 843 AD

• Pepin the Short-
• Crowned by Pope
• The Pope wants to holds authority over Kings
• Pepin wants Popes help to defeat invading
  Lombards from Germany
• Pope agrees to crown Pepin
• Pepin gave Land gained in Italy to Pope -Papal
  states

• Charles Martel-
• His Calvary defeated invading Moors near Tours in
  France
• Halted the Islamic advance into Europe
• Martel means Hammer in English

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Charlemagne- 768 AD

• Outstanding ruler with minimal formal education
• Religious, practical, and intelligent
• Good military skills- controlled Western Europe
• Good at PR-claimed descent from Mary and Joseph
• Drove Moors back across the Pyrenees
• Goal-Renewal of the Roman Empire
• Pope crowned him due to increasing mixture of
  secular and profane in government
• Capital at Aix-la-Chapelle in Germany

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Frankish weapons
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Charlemagnes rule

• Government of checks
• and balances
• No direct taxes because his
• holdings supported the State
• Monastic schools for nobles and intelligent
• lower classes
• Libraries
• Produced one standardized Bible
• Encouraged people to convert

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Frankish costume
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The Frankish Empire declines

• Charlemagnes son, Louis the Pious , was
• no Charlemagne
• Charlemagnes descendents fought each other
• Kingdom broke up and splintered
• Four groups of invaders
• Viking (Scandinavia)
• Slav (eastern Russia)
• Magyar (Hungarians)
• Muslim (Arabia and North Africa)

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Magyars 800s AD

• Resembled Attila the Hun because they were nomads
  and fierce so Franks called them the Hun
• In WWII the Allies called Germany the Hun
• Invaded the Frankish Empire from the East
• Later settled down and eventually came to be the
  Kingdom of Hungary

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The Vikings 8th to 9th centuries
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Viking Weapons
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Viking Jewelry
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Where did the Vikings attack?
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Odin
Thor
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Ride of the Valkyries
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The Varangian Guard
Vikings made it as far as Russia (Rus and Rurik)
and then to Constantinople where they became the
Emperors personal bodyguards. Fought Muslims for
the Emperor
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Why did the Vikings go a-Viking and why did they
stop?

• Medieval ages in Scandinavia were warmer than
  must of Europe
• Increased population and resources
• Then the Little Ice Age occurs in the 900s
• Resources start to dwindle, people begin to
  starve
• Increased conversions to Christianity
• Rest of Europe becomes warmer, especially Britain

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Society in the Middle Ages
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Feudalism- system of loyalties and
protections during the Middle Ages.

• King the Man
• Lord-the Boss Man
• Vassal- nobles who get land for supporting a Lord
  or a king
• One could be a Lord and vassal at the same time
• Fief or land grant-what the lord gives vassals in
  exchange for military support
• Primogeniture- eldest son always inherits the
  Fief.
• Freeman and artisans few in the Middle Ages
• The Church- could be a vassal
• Serfs-most of us (not the man)

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The Manorial System

• As the Roman Empire crumbled, Emperors granted
  land to nobles in exchange for their loyalty.
• These lands were called manors.
• A manor becomes the land owned by a noble and
• everything on it.
• A typical manor consisted of a castle, small
  village, forestland and farmland.
• Former landowners exchanged freedom for safety
  and became serfs that were owned by the Lord
  of the Manor

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Serfs

• Serfs would often have to work three or four days
  a week for the lord as rent for the land they
  farmed
• They would spend the rest of their week growing
  crops to feed their families.
• Some serfs worked as sharecroppers. A
  sharecropper would turn over most of what he
  grew in order to be able to live on the land

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Manors

• An economic unit onto itself
• Self sufficient
• A third to a half of all produced goes to the
  Lord and King. Rest to the Manor's serfs
• Subsistence or Barely sustainable life for serfs
• Short, hard , sickly life

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Duc de Berry Book of Hours
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Defense

• Castles are Wood/Stone
• Built to resist attack
• Moats
• Drawbridge
• Keep
• Window slits
• Cold, dark, drafty, damp

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So how do enemies attack castles?
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KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
The Road to Knighthood
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Soldiers
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Knights

• Years of training as page and squire
• Knighthood ceremony
• Coat of arms
• Heavy armor-hoisted on to horse
• Ideal- pious, fair, brave, loyal, gallant,
  respectful to
• women of his class
• Tournaments/jousts are war training

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Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
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The Church
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The Petrine Succesion

• You are Peter and
• upon this rock I will build my Church
  Matt1618-19
• Peter is allegedly the first bishop of Rome
• The bishops of Rome eventually become the
  father of the Christian church
• Continues so after the split with Eastern
  Orthodoxy
• Early popes were trained in Roman civil
  bureaucracy and shaped the church that way

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Characteristics of the Medieval Western or Roman
Catholic Church

• Hierarchy
• Pope
• Curia or cabinet of cardinals-counselors
• Archbishop
• Bishop-Cathedra
• Parish priest
• Monasteries/Nunneries/Hermits

• Sacraments
• Baptism
• Holy Eucharist
• Confirmation
• Penance
• Holy orders
• Matrimony
• Extreme unction

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Social mobility

• Rigid, hierarchal society with rare exceptions
  which were in the Church
• A slave became a pope
• Allegedly a woman became a pope

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• John Anglicus was a ninth century Englishman. In
  853 A.D., he was unanimously elected pope.
• While riding one day gave birth to a child.
• The first written reference to Joan occurs in the
  thirteenth century
• During the Reformation in the sixteenth century,
  the Catholic Church began to deny the existence
  of Pope Joan and the Gender checking chair.
• Modern scholars have been unable to resolve the
  historicity of Pope Joan.

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Monasticism

• Lived by rules
• Withdrawal from world
• Prayer, fasting, self-denial and work
• Saint Benedict and the Benedictine Rule
• Religious communities with an abbot as head
• Monasteries and convents preserved learning,
  copied books, maintained schools, encouraged art,
  reminded people that there was more than warfare,
  preserved the memory of Rome, were the only means
  of social welfare or help

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A Medieval Monks Day
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Nuns Then and Now
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Monks then and now
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The role of the Church

• Missionaries St Patrick, St Augustine
• Canterbury priests established cities and
  centers of learning
• Political and Social power
• Canon law
• Excommunication
• Interdict or The Big Whammy
• Tithe
• Power of life or Death eternally
• Economic power-trade, hospitals, agriculture.
• Grew in Wealth and therefore power
• Eventually able to dictate to Kings and Lords

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Why did they have such power?

• Faith
• Belief
• Power to forgive or dam all that occurs on Earth
• Lack of literacy. Minimal Bibles
• Offered best security available at the time,
  eternity and sanctuary
• Short brutal lives look forward to eternity and
  do not want to mess that up

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Relics
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Problems the Church faced

• Corruption- with power and money comes temptation
• Lay Investiture
• Simony
• Heresy
• Luxury
• No one expects
• the Inquisition
• Reform St Francis

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How do you think the problems the Church faced
hurt or helped

• The Church?
• The King?
• A serf?The Priests?

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The End by Miz D