Stem Rust of Wheat: An Oklahoma Perspective

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Stem Rust of Wheat An Oklahoma Perspective

• B. Hunger, B. Tipton, J. Edwards, A. Klatt, and
  B. Carver
• Oklahoma State University

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Wheat Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina)

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Wheat Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp.
tritici)

Lahoma, OK Apr, 2005
Apache, OK Mar, 2005
Lahoma, OK Apr, 2005
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Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.
tritici)

Lahoma mid 1980s
Photo above courtesy of Cereal Disease Lab, St.
Paul, MN
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Wheat Rust Losses Oklahoma

1980
1985
1992
1997
2005
2001
Data from Cereal Disease Lab, St. Paul, MN
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Wheat Yield Losses Reported for Stem Rust Since
1918 in the Great Plains (Source Cereal Disease
Lab, St. Paul, MN)
State No. of years since 1918 Avg. loss () Greatest loss year
TX 26 2.05 10.0 in 1922, 1935
OK 16 1.58 4.0 in 1918
KS 32 2.37 12.0 in 1935
NE 28 5.70 30.0 in 1962
SD 31 8.03 35.2 in 1953
ND 28 10.57 56.5 in 1935
Only minimal losses since the mid-1960s
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1935 Percent Loss to Wheat Stem Rust
Data and slide courtesy of Cereal Disease Lab,
St. Paul, MN
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M. Lee Phillips, 1940 Canadian Cty. Ag Extension
Report, p. 17
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Mr. Joseph Danne
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M. Lee Phillips, 1939 Canadian Cty. Ag Extension
Report, p. 21
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(No Transcript)
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Pedigree for Triumph Hard Red Winter Wheat

• Kanred/Blackhull//Burbanks Quality/3/Kanred/Black
  hull
• Kanred a selection from Crimean (a Turkey
  type) released from KSU in 1917.
• Blackhull a selection from Turkey made by E.G.
  Clark (KS farmer-breeder) also released in 1917.
• Burbanks Quality (CItr 6607) a white spring
  wheat grown experimentally and to a small
  extent commercially in CA, MT, and OK in 1920.
• Dannes first crosses with Burbanks Quality were
  made in 1925.

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Triumph Hard Red Winter Wheat

• Released in 1940 by Joseph Danne grown in TX,
  OK, KS, CO, MO, IL, and KY.
• Superior characteristics included early maturity,
  short stiff straw, resistance to loose smut
  stem rust, et al.
• Acreage reached
• 1944 72,459 1964 3,364,495
• 1949 5,596,200 1969 2,223,099
• 1959 6,341,167 1974 2,298,643

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Triumph 64 Hard Red Winter Wheat

• Originally released by Mr. Danne in 1948 or 1949
  as Rust Resistant Triumph in 1964, was
  re-released by the OAES as Triumph 64.
• Tmp 64 is very similar to Triumph except for the
  rust resistance (which had been adapted to by
  PRT).
• Tmp 64 heads 10 to 11 days earlier than Turkey or
  Kharkof, which head about 2 weeks later and
  mature about 1 week later than wheats grown in
  Oklahoma today (Dr. Brett Carver, OSU Wheat
  Breeder).

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Comparison of Heading and Cutting Dates

• Earliest (1940) heads May 7th cut June 19th
• Latest (1940) heads May 17th cut June 29th
• March 28th wheat is approaching boot stage, and
  we will see heads by mid-April.
• Our earliest maturing varieties are quite likely
  a month earlier than those varieties popular back
  in the day of Joseph Danne.
• I dont remember a year in the 18 I have been in
  Canadian County that at least some wheat wasnt
  cut before Memorial Day harvest in most years
  has a solid start by the last week of May.

1940
2007 Brad Tipton Extension Educator, Canadian
County
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Burleigh, Schulze, and Eversmeyer. 1969. Some
aspects of the summer winter ecology of wheat
rust fungi. Plant Dis. Rep. 53648-651
Figure 1. Darkened area indicates where samples
were taken during the 4-year study.

• Conclusions
• PGT persist through the summer and fall months
  but no inoculum in any form detected after
  January of any year.
• PRT present continuously in the area studied.

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Chester, Ray, McLaughlin, and Hoffmaster. 1945.
Diseases of field crops in Oklahoma. OAES
Circular C-119, 23 pp.
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Chester, K. S. 1942. The Nature and Prevention of
Plant Diseases. The Blakiston Company,
Philadelphia, 584 pp.
?PGT lives through the winter on wheat produces
uredospores in southern TX Old Mexico spring
infections result from uredospores from the
winter infections teliospores are
functionless. ?Stem rust in northern TX, OK, and
southern KS is caused by uredospores blown in by
south winds from southern TX and Old Mexico
teliospores are functionless. ?From northern KS
to Canada, aeciospores from barberry and
uredospores blown up from the south serve as
inoculum also teliospores may overwinter and
lead to stem rust. ?In the southern Great Plains,
varieties such as Early Blackhull escape stem
rust because of their earliness.
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Summary/Conclusions

• ?Historically, stem rust is more severe in TX and
  states north of Oklahoma.
• ?This is occurs for two reasons
• The early maturity of varieties grown in OK.
• The inability of PGT to overwinter in OK.
• ?Because of these factors, stem rust in OK
  results from uredospores blown up from TX, which
  arrive too late in the spring to cause
  significant damage.
• ?Could this change?? Historically stripe rust
  has not been a problem in OK because of these
  same reasons. However, in three of the last six
  years, this has not been the case.

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Popham, W.L. ???? Stem rust and the common
barberry. USDA, Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine, Division of Plant Disease Control.
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Popham, W.L. ???? Stem rust and the common
barberry. USDA, Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine, Division of Plant Disease Control.