Tajuk 6: Perkembangan Bahasa

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Tajuk 6 Perkembangan Bahasa
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Language Development
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Language Development is important because

• Through language ? children interact
• Language development ? very much related to
  intellectual development
• Through language ? children are able to
  progress in other developmental domain.

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What is language?

• A law of grammar and semantic that makes
  conversation more meaningful.
• Covers ways of communication ? where thoughts
  and emotions are being expressed ? in order
  to convey message/meaning to others

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Forms of communication

• Writing
• Conversation (verbal)
• Sign Language
• Body/hand gestures
• Facial expression

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Language can be divided into

• Non-verbal (Understanding)
• Hand/body gestures
• Symbolic understanding
• Understand what others said (Baby understand
  what being said although hes still not able
  to talk yet)
• Verbal
• Sound/Words are being said to convey message/
  meaning ? involves the coordination of
  articulation organs (voice box, trachea,
  tongue, cheek, lips palate)
• Understanding of meaning and sound being
  said occurs simultaneously

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Language Development

• Characteristics of Early Speech
• Children simplify language
• Children overregularize rules they apply them
  rigidly, not knowing that some rules have
  exceptions
• Children understand grammatical relationships
  they cannot yet express
• Children underextend word meanings

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Stages of language development in children

• Pre-linguistic speech (pre-conversation)
• Linguistic speech (conversation)

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Pre-linguistic speech (pre-conversation)

• Babys ability to understand and convey a
  message, thou he/she is not able to talk yet
• 1. Crying
• 2. Cooing Babbling
• (2 mth babies make vowel-like noises called
  cooing)
• Cooing ?Ooh, aah, goo, a goo
• (4 mth ? consonants combine with vowels ?
  babies began babbling)
• Babbling ? ma, ba, ga, da ,pa pa pa
• Becoming a communicator (4 mths)
• Infant adult follow each others gaze
• This will speed up language development
• Simple infant game ? pat-a- cake/ peekaboo ?
  demonstrate conventional turn taking.
• At the end of the first year ? infants use
  preverbal gestures to influence the behavior of
  others.
• 3. Body Gestures
• Protodeclarative action
• Protoimperative action
• 4. Facial expressions ? convey message of
  emotions

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Linguistic speech (conversation)

• The physical development connection of the
  sound of language.
• 4 component in linguistic development
• Phonological development
• Semantic development
• Grammar development
• Pragmatic development

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Phonological development

• Understanding pronouncing words
• Vocabulary
• Fast mapping?absorb the meaning of a new word
  after hearing it only once or twice in
  conversation
• The use of metaphor, a figure of speech in which
  a word or phrase that usually designates one
  thing is applied to another, becomes increasingly
  common
• A child learn to pronounce ? through imitation
  (repetitive)
• Eg. TV (ivi), Susu (cu), Minum (num), tumpah
  (pah)
• A deaf child ? normally have problem in speaking

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Semantic development

• A child learn the meaning of words ? then
  combine the words
• A child will then try to relate the meaning of
  certain words with its sound.
• Addition to his/her vocabulary.

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Grammar development

• Children learn about grammar ? add words to make
  simple sentences.
• 2 phase
• The development of simple sentences from basic
  words.
• The development of complex sentences
• Children start asking questions ? thinking
  understanding process is very rapid.
• Intelligent children ? use complex and
  sophisticated sentences/words
• As age increases ? familiarity with words and
  sentences increases ? able to use, different
  form of sentences.

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Pragmatic development

• Children learn about the aim and how certain
  words and sentences are being used in a
  conversation ? use language efficiently in
  social context.
• Pragmatics ? the practical knowledge of how to
  use language to communicate.
• Social speech
• Speech intended to be understood by a listener
• Private Speech
• Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to
  communicate with others
• Normal and common in childhood
• 3 types of pragmatic ability
• Speech register
• Turnabout
• Shading.

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Language Development Theory

• Language development relates to two theories in
  particular.
• Social Cognitive Theory
• Albert Bandura
• Nativism/ Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
• Noam Chomsky

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Social cognitive theory

• Emphasize that behavior, environment and
  cognition as the key factors in language
  development
• Language is learned and is influenced strongly by
  environmental experiences ? through observational
  learning/ modelling
• In the classroom, teachers model the type of work
  they want their children to produce ? from this
  children learn what to do and how to do it.

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Nativism/ Language Acquisition Device

• According to Chomsky
• Humans are biologically pre wired to learn
  language at a certain time and in a certain way.
• Human brain are pre-programmed ? every normal
  person are able to talk and understand
  language.
• All children are born with a language
  acquisition device (LAD), a biological endowment
  that enables the child to detect certain language
  categories, such as phonology, syntax and
  semantics
• LAD depend on cells in the brain (cerebrum
  cortex)
• Through LAD children can analyzed language that
  they hear and able to construct a proper
  grammar.
• Supporters of the LAD say that all children will
  learn some form of language by a certain age
  despite how much language input they have
  received.

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Factors Influencing Language Development

• Maturation of the Brain
• Cortical regions associated with language do not
  fully mature until late preschool years or later
• Environment
• Babies learn by listening to what adults
  say--parents with lower incomes, educational and
  occupational levels tend to spend less time
  talking with their children in positive ways
• Child-directed speechspeak slowly in a
  high-pitched voice with exaggerated ups and
  downs, simple speech, exaggerate vowel sounds,
  use short words and sentences

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Language Development

• Preparing For Literacy The Benefits of Reading
  Aloud
• Opportunities for emotional intimacy and
  parent-child communication
• Children who are read to often?better language
  skills at ages 2½, 4½, and 5 and better reading
  comprehension at age 7

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Language Development in Middle childhood

• Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
• As vocabulary grows during the school years,
  children use increasingly precise verbs to
  describe an action, i.e. hitting, slapping
• Pragmatics Knowledge about Communication
• Practical use of language to communicate
  including conversational and narrative skills

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Language and Literacy

•  LiteracyLearning to read and write
• Most children learn to read phonetically by
  sounding out words
• Most effective way to teach reading, is to
  develop strong phonetic skills plus improving
  fluency and comprehension