ROME FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

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ROME FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
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ROMAN REPUBLIC 500-31 B.C.E.
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EARLY ROMAN REPUBLIC (500-31 b.c.e.)

• The patricians (Roman Aristocracy) ran the
  Senate.
• ANNUAL ELECTIONS
• 2 ConsulsElected by the Senate.
• 1 term of service
• Supervised army government business
• Senate of 300 elderly men
• Senate elected 2 consulsheads of statewho could
  serve for only 1 term (annual).
• In event of war the Senate could elect a DICTATOR
  (a.k.a. Chief Military Officer) who could serve
  for only 6 months.
• Patricians elected the Senate.

1. ARE THERE CHECKS BALANCES IN THIS SYSTEM?
   EXPLAIN.
2. FOR WHOM DOES THIS SYSTEM WORK?
3. WHY RESTRICT THE DICTATORS TO ONLY 6 MOS. IN
   OFFICE?

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THE REPUBLIC RELIED UPON ITS THE PLEBIANS
(a.k.a. commoners or plebs) FOR WARFARE.
OVERTIME THE PLEBS GAIN A VOICE IN THE
GOVERNMENT.
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THE JUST WARa.k.a. THEORY OF EXPANDING DEFENSE

• Romans anticipated that one day a neighbor might
  attack so they needed to attack 1st!
• Because of religious thinking, Romans provoked
  the neighbor into offending them. Then the
  Romans would act in self-defense go to war.

What does this theory reveal about Roman culture?
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WHY DID THE REPUBLIC SUCCEED POLITICALLY
MILITARISTICALLY?

• How does their just war theory defense promote
  expansion?
• What will they gain from expansion?
• Powerful Armiesas a result of diffusion, the
  military borrowed ideas, skills technologies.
• How will the Roman political system strengthen
  nationalism?
• Soldiers had a personal investment because they
  could participate in the republic.
• Rome is a peninsula with only one mountain range.
  How will geography help them with expansion?
• Easier for the military to travel by foot. Also,
  Rome built many roads bridges to facilitate
  military travel.
• What did Rome gain from offering full or partial
  citizenship to the conquered?
• Creates allegiance.

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PUNIC WARSWhy did Rome go to war with the North
Africans?
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PUNIC WARS

• Rome went to war with Carthage.
• Just War Scenario Rome felt Carthage a threat to
  its allies in S. Italy to the supply of grain
  from Sicily.
• REAL REASONS FOR WAR?
• Rome coveted Carthaginian colonies.
• Rome feared Carthaginian naval might.

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THE LONG PUNIC WARS (421-146 b.c.e.)

• 1st Rome wins gains Sicily. (421 b.c.e.)
• Destroys Carthages entire naval fleet. (Only
  land infantry left!)
• 2ndWar 1. Hannibal wins (216 b.c.e.)
• Hannibal invaded Italy through the North at
  battle of Cannae. Hannibal tricked Romans into
  believing that he was retreating about 50,000
  Romans were killed.
• War 2. Scipio of Rome wins (204 b.c.e.)
• Battles Carthage in Spain North Africa
• 3rdRome defeats Carthage. (146 b.c.e.)
• Romans burned Carthage to the ground
• Sold its survivors into slavery.
• Poisoned the ground with salt so that nothing
  would grow in it.

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SCIPIO
HANNIBAL
HUBRIS? The Carthaginians fought for their own
preservation the sovereignty of Africa, the
Romans, for supremacy world domination.
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ROME MOVED FROM Monarchy 753-509
b.c.e. Republic 509-31 b.c.e. Empire 31 b.c.e.
410 c.e.
ATHENS DemocracyCLEISTHENES 500 b.c.e. Empire
454 -431 b.c.e. Peloponnesian Wars 431-404
b.c.e. Alexander the Great 336-323 b.c.e.
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WHAT PROBLEMS WILL EXPANSION BRING UPON THE
REPUBLIC?
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REFLECTIONS

• How had the Punic Wars led to Roman military
  might?
• How was Roman expansion helpful harmful to the
  Roman Republic?
• Why would wealth of Eastern Mediterranean regions
  lead to Roman aggression?
• Does hubris lead to imperialism? Explain.

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ROMAN EMPIRE
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SIGNS OF CHANGE

• Gracchi brothers 2nd century b.c.e.
• "When Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus sought to
  establish the liberty of the common people and
  expose the crimes of the oligarchs, the guilty
  nobles took fright and opposed their proceedings
  by every means at their disposal" - Cicero.
• These brothers were assassinated by patricians.
• Why is their assassination viewed as a sign of
  change in the Roman Republics political system?

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SOCIAL WAR91 B.C.E.A group of Roman provinces
wanted full citizenship in Rome. The Republic
denied them this fought a 3 year brutal war.
The Republic won but then bestowed full
citizenship on the provinces. How does this
conflict compare with the Chinas Han dynastys
Yellow Turban Rebellion?
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SOCIAL WAR91 B.C.E.A group of Roman provinces
wanted full citizenship in Rome. The Republic
denied them this fought a 3 year brutal war.
The Republic won but then bestowed full
citizenship on the provinces. How does this
conflict compare with the Chinas Han dynastys
Yellow Turban Rebellion (184 c.e.)?
Han dynasty collapsed in 220 c.e. while Rome
evolved into an Empire under the guidance of
Octavian (27 b.c.e. 14 c.e.)
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SIGNS OF CHANGEALLIANCES

• THE 1ST TRIUMVIRATE
• Caesar Crassus Pompey
• (60 b.c.e.)
• 2nd Triumvirate Formed (43 b.c.e.) Octavian
  (nobility) Marcus Antonius (military) Lepidus
  (wealth)

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TEAM WORK THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER AGUSTUS
ACTION DESCRIBE AUGUSTUS RATIONALE
Took control of army
Gave bonuses to military
Granted citizenship
Allowed Senate to run small, peaceful provinces
Passed national marriage laws family laws
Developed Regionsboosterism
Provided Foodpublic welfare
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WHAT PROBLEMS MIGHT THE EMPIRE FACE?
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Diocletian Splits Empire in two 294 CE
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ROME CHINA
509 B.C.E. Roman Republic established 221 b.c.e. Chin Empire (Qin Shihuangdi)
264-146 b.c.e. Punic Wars 207-220 c.e. Han Dynasty
27 b.c.e. Roman Empire 220 c.e. Collapse of Han
294 c.e. Diocletian Divides RomeEAST WEST 589 China re-unitedSui Dynasty
476 c.e. Western Rome Collapses
1453 c.e. Byzantine Empire Collapses China still exists today!
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CHINA
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CHINESE CULTURAL VIEWS JUSTIFICATION OF POWER
Dynastic CycleMandate of Heaven
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QIN (CHIN) POLICYLEGALISM

• MAJOR LEGALIST PRINCIPLES
• Human nature is naturally selfish.
• Intellectualism literacy is discouraged.
• Law is the supreme authority replaces morality.
• The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing
  hand.
• War is the means of strengthening a rulers power.

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WHAT DID THE QIN EMPEROR ACCOMPLISH?

• Standardizedweights, coins, writing
• Builder
• Great Wall
• Repaired Roads Canals

Terracotta Army
How does his tomb reflect his power his fear?
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QIN OVER-THROWN IN 207 b.c.e!WHAT TYPE OF
DYNASTY WILL REPLACE THE QIN?
A new dynasty comes to power.
The emperorreforms the govt. makes it
moreefficient.
Start here?
Lives of common people improvedtaxes
reducedfarming encouraged.
Emperor isdefeated !!
TheDynasticCycle
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Rebel bands findstrong leader whounites
them.Attack the emperor.
HOW WILL THE NEW EMPEROR JUSTIFY HIS SUCCESS-FUL
OVER-THROW?
Taxes increasemen forced towork for
army.Farming neglected.
Poor looserespect for govt.They join rebels
attack landlords.
Govt. increasesspending corruption.
Droughts,floods,famines occur.
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HAN DYNASTY400 YEARS OF UNITY
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HAN AFTER WUDIS DEATH IN 87 B.C.E.
The Debate on Salt Iron pitted the advocates
of a strong central state against those favoring
more autonomy for local elites. Many elites felt
that Wudis welfare programsthe monopolies
made Han soft, while others felt it was central
to a good just dynasty. WHATS YOUR OPINION?
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HANA TIME OF SYNTHESISEMPEROR WUDI 141-87 b.c.e.

• MOVEMENTS THAT AROSE DURING ZHOUS AGE OF
  HUMANISM
• Legalism
• an effective administrative system, (but its
  harshness under the Qin had led to their
  downfall).
• Confucianism
• provided a sense of moral guidance restraint on
  the ruler (Mandate of Heaven).
• Daoism
• A spiritual movement and a revival of ancient
  Chinese spiritualism
• provided a larger framework for understanding the
  nature of the world in which men lived.
• This led to interests in scientific advancement!
• Idea of correlative cosmology explained how
  natural phenomena were omens of political change.

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HanChinas Golden Age400 years!Why do
durability accomplishment factor into a golden
age?

• Han opened trade
• Sciencebotany, astronomy developed technique to
  measure earthquakes
• Medicineacupuncture,
• Technologydurable paper made from wood pulp,
  shipbuildingdeveloped rudder fishing reels,
  wheelbarrows, suspension bridges, chain pumps
• Writersbook on proper behavior for women and men
  (Women should yield to modesty.)
• NoteHan Roman Empires existed simultaneously
  at opposite ends of the Eurasian continent.
  Traded via Silk Road!

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HAN AFTER WUDIS DEATH IN 87 B.C.E.
The Debate on Salt Iron pitted the advocates
of a strong central state against those favoring
more autonomy for local elites. Many elites felt
that Wudis welfare programsthe monopolies
made Han soft, while others felt it was central
to a good just dynasty. WHATS YOUR OPINION?