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FISHES (yes, that

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FISHES (yes, that s the proper word) ICHTHYOLOGY (the study of fish) FISH ANATOMY - EYES similar to other vertebrates, but differ in a couple of ways: spherical ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: FISHES (yes, that


1
FISHES (yes, thats the proper word)
  • ICHTHYOLOGY (the study of fish)

2
  • MARINE VERTEBRATES FISHES CHAP 6.
  • Read pgs. 177-187
  • covering the topics of
  • phylogeny, evolution and anatomy

3
History of Ichthyology (dont write this, just
read)
  • Aristotle made first written recordings and
    observations about fish (300s B.C.)
  • For 2,000 years no work done on fish
  • Then in 1500s, three scientists published new
    works on fish
  • Led to rapid expansion in knowledge and new
    interest in study of fish
  • Linneaus and modern classification of fish
  • 20th century sees diversification of ichthyology

4
Fishes Are Diverse (dont write this, just read)
  • Live in diverse habitats
  • Have different body shapes
  • Have different body structures
  • Have different reproductive strategies
  • Have different feeding styles
  • Inhabit multiple niches in life cycle

5
Fishes are very diverse
6
Im not kidding, they are really diverse
7
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
  • cold-blooded, vertebrate that breathe w/gills and
    move w/fins
  • most numerous vertebrates more than 30,000
    species
  • 400-500 in the reef area
  • smallest
  • Philippine Island Goby 1/3- 1/2
  • largest
  • Whale Shark 50 and several tons

8
Diversity of Body Plan
9
Diversity of Body Plan
10
Common Body Plan Descriptors
Elongate, fusiform, or basslike
Compressed, compressiform, thin, narrow, deep, or
perchlike
Anguiliform, eellike, or attenuated
Depressed, depressiform, or flattened
Globiform, subcircular, or hemispherical
Ovate or truncated
11
II. ANATOMY
A. Body shape
  • Front Side
  • FUSIFORM
  • COMPRESSED
  • DEPRESSED
  • ATTENUATED

12
II. ANATOMY
A. Body shape
  • Front Side
  • FUSIFORM
  • COMPRESSED
  • DEPRESSED
  • ATTENUATED

13
B. Mouth Position is significant
  • ambush
  • predator
  • bottom feeder

14
B. Mouth Position is significant
  • ambush
  • predator
  • bottom feeder

15
C. Feeding Patterns (pg. 187-191)
  • Predators
  • Nibblers- crushing teeth, may eat coral polyps
    and stone
  • Strainers- plankton feeders
  • Suckers- disc w/lips, barbels (whiskers) for
    searching the sand
  • Parasitic- (external or internal) rasping teeth
    to penetrate scales
  • ex. hagfish and lamprey
  • ex. canduri or vampire fish -suck blood
    from gills
  • read passage from text

16
D. Know fin names and functions from handout
17
FISH ANATOMY
  • FINS movable structures that aid the fish in
    swimming and maintaining balance
  • May be sharp, spiny or soft
  • Most have Dorsal fin
  • Anal fin
  • Caudal fin (tail)
  • Pectoral fin
  • Pelvic fin
  • Adipose fin
  • (only some)

18
Fish live(background information)
  • 13 associated with open ocean
  • 1 in surface (epipelagic) layer
  • 5 in unlighted sections of water column
    (deepwater pelagic fishes)
  • 7 on bottom (deepwater benthic fishes)
  • 78 of marine fishes (44 of all fishes) live in
    narrow band along continents in water less than
    200m (continental shelf)

19
Fish Diversity
  • By volume 97 of all water is marine
  • 58 of fish species are marine, 41 are fresh
    water
  • Mainly due to speciation in response to isolation
    (ponds, lakes, rivers)
  • Close to 80 of all marine species live in water
    along coastlines less than 200 m deep

20
III. EVOLUTION
  • Draw diagram from
  • Marine Biology Text pg. 179
  • Phylogenetic Tree
  • (shows evolutionary relationships)
  • Emphasis on Fish Classes

21
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22
EVOLUTION(background information)
  • Earliest fish Ostracoderms
  • fossils date to the Ordovician Period 425-450
    Million years ago
  • slow, bottom-dwelling w/thick bony plates and
    scales, poorly developed fins and no jaws
  • believed to be first animal w/a backbone
  • became extinct 250 million years ago

23
IV TAXONOMY
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Phylum Chordata
  • dorsal nerve chord
  • Subphylum Vertebrata
  • dorsal backbone made of cartilage or bone
  • Classes
  • Agnatha
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteichthyes

24
Class Agnatha jawless
  • Do not have a lateral line system
  • Cyclostomes round mouths have neither plates
    nor scales
  • Notochord, eel-like shape, a cartilaginous
    skeleton, and unpaired fins
  • Lampreys
  • - free living or parasitic adapted for
    sucking blood and body fluids of other fish
  • - Feeding attach by suction, tear a hole with
    toothy tongue, secrete chemical to prevent
    clotting
  • - do not have a stomach mouth, esophagus, a
    straight intestine, and associated glands
  • Problem for great lakes sport and
  • commercial fishermen

25
Hagfish(for background information)
  • Bottom dwellers in cold marine waters
  • Scavengers of dead and dying fish on ocean bottom
  • Feed by sawing the fish with its toothed tongue
    from the inside out
  • Extremely flexible to avoid capture or to clean
    the slime off after self-defense secretions
  • When not feeding they remain
    hidden in burrows on the ocean
    floor

26
Class Chondrichthyes(cartilage fish)
  • Sharks, skates, and rays
  • They have skeletons of cartilage, not bone
  • Also have movable jaws and skeletons with paired
    fins
  • No swim bladder
  • Sharks
  • Sharks are scavengers that eat injured fish,
    carrion, garbage and other waste from ships as
    well as animals such as seals, turtles, birds,
    whales, crabs, and a wide range of fishes.
  • The sharks mouth has 6 to 20 rows of
    backward-pointing teeth. They can detect blood
    from an injured animal as far as 500 miles away.
  • They swim with a side-to-side motion of their
    asymmetric tail fins. Behind their heads are
    pectoral fins that jut out of their bodies like
    the wings of a plane.
  • Gas exchange requires a continuous passage of
    water over a sharks gills.

27
Rays and Skates
Meyrs video
  • Skates are a family of flat-bodied rays found in
    warm and temperate seas. They have eyes located
    on the upper surface of the body while the mouth
    and gills are located on the lower surface.
  • Their color makes them almost invisible because
    when another animal looks down on them, they are
    camouflaged with the darkness of the sea bottom.
    When looked up from underneath, the animal is
    camouflaged with the light from the sun.
  • Water enter their gill through two openings
    called spiracles atop their heads. Most feed on
    mollusks and crustaceans.

28
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
  • Osteichthyes make up most of the vertebrate
    population in fresh water and in salt water.
  • Ray-finned fishes have fins that are supported by
    the long bones called rays. They are the most
    familiar fishes and include snakelike eels,
    yellow perch, cave fish, herring, and lantern
    fish.
  • Lungfishes have gills where gas exchange takes
    place between water and the blood. They burrow
    unto the mud and cover themselves in mucus to
    stay moist until the pond refills.

29
  • Lobe-finned fishes, or coelacanths, have paddle
    like fins with fleshy bases.

30
  • Lobe-finned fishes, or coelacanths, have paddle
    like fins with fleshy bases.

31
V. PHYSIOLOGY (fishyology)
  • Diffusion- moves O2 from water into the blood
    (hemoglobin)
  • the LARGE SURFACE AREA of the gills facilitates
    diffusion the gills are HIGHLY VACULARIZED
  • Lung fish- modified SWIM BLADDER vascularized.
    Gaseous O2 can diffuse into the blood stream.
    Some fish can gulp air.
  • chromatophores (pigment cells)

32
FISH ANATOMY
  • GILLS organs on the side of fish that allow
    them to breath
  • Water is drawn in through the mouth and out the
    gills
  • Dissolved oxygen in the water is taken into the
    blood and carbon dioxide is released

33
Draw and label the gill, gill arch, gill rakers
34
FISH ANATOMY - EYES
  • similar to other vertebrates, but differ in a
    couple of ways
  • spherical lens
  • no eyelids
  • size of the eye depends on the amount of light
    reaching the eye
  • Shallow water small eyes
  • Deep water large eyes
  • Dark caves blind

35
FISH ANATOMY- ears, taste, smell, sensitive cells
  • Have inner ears
  • Have taste buds in their mouths, on their lips
    and on their body/fins
  • Have highly developed sense of smell
  • Fish react to changes in water pressure,
    temperature, currants and sounds w/pressure
    sensitive cells along a lateral line near the
    base of the tail

36
Do fish drink water?
  • Yes and No
  • It depends on the type of water it lives in.

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  • VI. REPRODUCTION synonym spawning
  • Sperm milt
  • Eggs roe
  • Reproduction is determined by
  • 1. Age and 2. Season
  • Types?
  • Egg laying - most bony fish
  • Live bearing- internal fertilization and internal
    development. Not very common, pioneered by
    Chondrichthyes

45
Reproductive strategies
  • Hermaphrodites-
  • Sex reversal- is it better to be female or male?
  • Unique methods to protect laid eggs
  • Camouflage
  • Mouth incubation
  • Guard the nest
  • EXTERNAL INTERNAL
  • DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

46
  • EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
  • Many eggs few eggs few eggs

47
  • EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
  • Many eggs few eggs few eggs
  • No care guard incubate

48
  • EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
  • Many eggs few eggs few eggs
  • No care protection incubation
  • Few survive higher survive highest
    survive

49
  • EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
  • Many eggs few eggs few eggs
  • No care protection incubation
  • Few survive higher survive highest
    survive
  • 10/1000 10/100 10/10
  • ENERGY/ BENEFIT RATIO
  • A limited amount of energy can be shared in
    different ways. of survival is different but
    overall numbers remain about the same
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