Title: FISHES (yes, that
1FISHES (yes, thats the proper word)
- ICHTHYOLOGY (the study of fish)
2- MARINE VERTEBRATES FISHES CHAP 6.
- Read pgs. 177-187
- covering the topics of
- phylogeny, evolution and anatomy
3History of Ichthyology (dont write this, just
read)
- Aristotle made first written recordings and
observations about fish (300s B.C.) - For 2,000 years no work done on fish
- Then in 1500s, three scientists published new
works on fish - Led to rapid expansion in knowledge and new
interest in study of fish - Linneaus and modern classification of fish
- 20th century sees diversification of ichthyology
4Fishes Are Diverse (dont write this, just read)
- Live in diverse habitats
- Have different body shapes
- Have different body structures
- Have different reproductive strategies
- Have different feeding styles
- Inhabit multiple niches in life cycle
5Fishes are very diverse
6Im not kidding, they are really diverse
7I. GENERAL INFORMATION
- cold-blooded, vertebrate that breathe w/gills and
move w/fins - most numerous vertebrates more than 30,000
species - 400-500 in the reef area
- smallest
- Philippine Island Goby 1/3- 1/2
- largest
- Whale Shark 50 and several tons
8Diversity of Body Plan
9Diversity of Body Plan
10Common Body Plan Descriptors
Elongate, fusiform, or basslike
Compressed, compressiform, thin, narrow, deep, or
perchlike
Anguiliform, eellike, or attenuated
Depressed, depressiform, or flattened
Globiform, subcircular, or hemispherical
Ovate or truncated
11II. ANATOMY
A. Body shape
- Front Side
- FUSIFORM
- COMPRESSED
- DEPRESSED
- ATTENUATED
12II. ANATOMY
A. Body shape
- Front Side
- FUSIFORM
- COMPRESSED
- DEPRESSED
- ATTENUATED
13B. Mouth Position is significant
- ambush
- predator
- bottom feeder
14B. Mouth Position is significant
- ambush
- predator
- bottom feeder
15C. Feeding Patterns (pg. 187-191)
- Predators
- Nibblers- crushing teeth, may eat coral polyps
and stone - Strainers- plankton feeders
- Suckers- disc w/lips, barbels (whiskers) for
searching the sand - Parasitic- (external or internal) rasping teeth
to penetrate scales - ex. hagfish and lamprey
- ex. canduri or vampire fish -suck blood
from gills - read passage from text
16D. Know fin names and functions from handout
17FISH ANATOMY
- FINS movable structures that aid the fish in
swimming and maintaining balance - May be sharp, spiny or soft
- Most have Dorsal fin
- Anal fin
- Caudal fin (tail)
- Pectoral fin
- Pelvic fin
- Adipose fin
- (only some)
18Fish live(background information)
- 13 associated with open ocean
- 1 in surface (epipelagic) layer
- 5 in unlighted sections of water column
(deepwater pelagic fishes) - 7 on bottom (deepwater benthic fishes)
- 78 of marine fishes (44 of all fishes) live in
narrow band along continents in water less than
200m (continental shelf)
19Fish Diversity
- By volume 97 of all water is marine
- 58 of fish species are marine, 41 are fresh
water - Mainly due to speciation in response to isolation
(ponds, lakes, rivers) - Close to 80 of all marine species live in water
along coastlines less than 200 m deep
20III. EVOLUTION
- Draw diagram from
- Marine Biology Text pg. 179
- Phylogenetic Tree
- (shows evolutionary relationships)
- Emphasis on Fish Classes
21(No Transcript)
22EVOLUTION(background information)
- Earliest fish Ostracoderms
- fossils date to the Ordovician Period 425-450
Million years ago - slow, bottom-dwelling w/thick bony plates and
scales, poorly developed fins and no jaws - believed to be first animal w/a backbone
- became extinct 250 million years ago
23IV TAXONOMY
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Chordata
- dorsal nerve chord
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- dorsal backbone made of cartilage or bone
- Classes
- Agnatha
- Chondrichthyes
- Osteichthyes
24Class Agnatha jawless
- Do not have a lateral line system
- Cyclostomes round mouths have neither plates
nor scales - Notochord, eel-like shape, a cartilaginous
skeleton, and unpaired fins - Lampreys
- - free living or parasitic adapted for
sucking blood and body fluids of other fish - - Feeding attach by suction, tear a hole with
toothy tongue, secrete chemical to prevent
clotting - - do not have a stomach mouth, esophagus, a
straight intestine, and associated glands - Problem for great lakes sport and
- commercial fishermen
25Hagfish(for background information)
- Bottom dwellers in cold marine waters
- Scavengers of dead and dying fish on ocean bottom
- Feed by sawing the fish with its toothed tongue
from the inside out - Extremely flexible to avoid capture or to clean
the slime off after self-defense secretions - When not feeding they remain
hidden in burrows on the ocean
floor
26Class Chondrichthyes(cartilage fish)
- Sharks, skates, and rays
- They have skeletons of cartilage, not bone
- Also have movable jaws and skeletons with paired
fins - No swim bladder
- Sharks
- Sharks are scavengers that eat injured fish,
carrion, garbage and other waste from ships as
well as animals such as seals, turtles, birds,
whales, crabs, and a wide range of fishes. - The sharks mouth has 6 to 20 rows of
backward-pointing teeth. They can detect blood
from an injured animal as far as 500 miles away. - They swim with a side-to-side motion of their
asymmetric tail fins. Behind their heads are
pectoral fins that jut out of their bodies like
the wings of a plane. - Gas exchange requires a continuous passage of
water over a sharks gills.
27Rays and Skates
Meyrs video
- Skates are a family of flat-bodied rays found in
warm and temperate seas. They have eyes located
on the upper surface of the body while the mouth
and gills are located on the lower surface. - Their color makes them almost invisible because
when another animal looks down on them, they are
camouflaged with the darkness of the sea bottom.
When looked up from underneath, the animal is
camouflaged with the light from the sun. - Water enter their gill through two openings
called spiracles atop their heads. Most feed on
mollusks and crustaceans.
28Osteichthyes (bony fish)
- Osteichthyes make up most of the vertebrate
population in fresh water and in salt water. - Ray-finned fishes have fins that are supported by
the long bones called rays. They are the most
familiar fishes and include snakelike eels,
yellow perch, cave fish, herring, and lantern
fish. - Lungfishes have gills where gas exchange takes
place between water and the blood. They burrow
unto the mud and cover themselves in mucus to
stay moist until the pond refills.
29- Lobe-finned fishes, or coelacanths, have paddle
like fins with fleshy bases.
30- Lobe-finned fishes, or coelacanths, have paddle
like fins with fleshy bases.
31V. PHYSIOLOGY (fishyology)
- Diffusion- moves O2 from water into the blood
(hemoglobin) - the LARGE SURFACE AREA of the gills facilitates
diffusion the gills are HIGHLY VACULARIZED - Lung fish- modified SWIM BLADDER vascularized.
Gaseous O2 can diffuse into the blood stream.
Some fish can gulp air. - chromatophores (pigment cells)
32FISH ANATOMY
- GILLS organs on the side of fish that allow
them to breath - Water is drawn in through the mouth and out the
gills - Dissolved oxygen in the water is taken into the
blood and carbon dioxide is released
33Draw and label the gill, gill arch, gill rakers
34FISH ANATOMY - EYES
- similar to other vertebrates, but differ in a
couple of ways - spherical lens
- no eyelids
- size of the eye depends on the amount of light
reaching the eye - Shallow water small eyes
- Deep water large eyes
- Dark caves blind
35FISH ANATOMY- ears, taste, smell, sensitive cells
- Have inner ears
- Have taste buds in their mouths, on their lips
and on their body/fins - Have highly developed sense of smell
- Fish react to changes in water pressure,
temperature, currants and sounds w/pressure
sensitive cells along a lateral line near the
base of the tail
36Do fish drink water?
- Yes and No
- It depends on the type of water it lives in.
37(No Transcript)
38(No Transcript)
39(No Transcript)
40(No Transcript)
41(No Transcript)
42(No Transcript)
43(No Transcript)
44- VI. REPRODUCTION synonym spawning
- Sperm milt
- Eggs roe
- Reproduction is determined by
- 1. Age and 2. Season
- Types?
- Egg laying - most bony fish
- Live bearing- internal fertilization and internal
development. Not very common, pioneered by
Chondrichthyes
45Reproductive strategies
- Hermaphrodites-
- Sex reversal- is it better to be female or male?
- Unique methods to protect laid eggs
- Camouflage
- Mouth incubation
- Guard the nest
- EXTERNAL INTERNAL
- DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
-
46- EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
- Many eggs few eggs few eggs
47- EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
- Many eggs few eggs few eggs
- No care guard incubate
48- EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
- Many eggs few eggs few eggs
- No care protection incubation
- Few survive higher survive highest
survive
49- EXTERNAL INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
- Many eggs few eggs few eggs
- No care protection incubation
- Few survive higher survive highest
survive - 10/1000 10/100 10/10
- ENERGY/ BENEFIT RATIO
- A limited amount of energy can be shared in
different ways. of survival is different but
overall numbers remain about the same