Pronouns

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Pronouns
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Pronouns

• A word used to take the place of a noun (or group
  of words acting as a noun)
• Ex. Michelle went to the observatory. She thought
  it was the clearest night so far.
• Antecedent is the noun which a pronoun stands for
• Ex. After their party, the astronomers went to a
  party.

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Personal Pronouns

• Used to refer to
• The person speaking
• The person spoken to
• The person, place, or things spoken about

Singular Plural
First Person I, me, my, mine We, us, our, ours
Second Person You, your, yours You, your, yours
Third Person He, she, it, him, her, his, her, hers, its They, them, their, theirs
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Personal Pronouns (cont.)

• The antecedent of a personal pronoun may or may
  not be directly stated, but rather is implied.
• We read about the origin of the universe.
• You must submit your paper soon.
• The technicians ate their lunch at noon.

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Demonstrative Pronouns

• Direct attention to specific people, places or
  things
• May be located before OR after their antecedent
• Before That is a newly discovered galaxy.
• After A star to steer by this was all I had.

Singular Plural
This, that These, those
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Interrogative Pronouns

• Used to begin a question
• The antecedent for an interrogative pronoun may
  not always be known.
• Direct Question What fell from the sky?
• Indirect Question He had two problems. I asked
  which needed to be solved first.

What, which, who, whom, whose
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Indefinite Pronouns

• Refer to people, places, or things, often without
  specifying which ones
• No specific antecedent Nobody was required to
  clean up, but many offered to assist.
• Specific antecedent I bought new book covers,
  but none were the right size.

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Singular Indefinite Pronouns

• Another much anybody
• Neither anyone nobody
• Anything no one each
• Nothing either one
• Everybody other everyone
• Somebody everything someone
• Little something

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Plural Indefinite Pronouns

• Both few many
• Others several

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Singular or Plural Indefinite

• All any more
• Most none some

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Reflexive Pronouns

• Used to add information to a sentence by pointing
  back to a noun or pronoun near the beginning of
  the sentence
• Ex. Cosmologists ready themselves for discovery

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Intensive Pronouns

• Used simply to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun
• Ex. You yourself agreed with the theory.

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Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Singular Plural
First Person Myself ourselves
Second Person Yourself yourselves
Third Person Himself, herself, itself themselves
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Verbs

• A word that expresses time while showing an
  action, a condition, or the fact that something
  exists
• (Its what you do!!)

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Action verbs

• Verb that tells what action someone or something
  is performing
• Visible Jeremy ate the whole pizza.
• Mental Elena wondered about her future.

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Linking verbs

• Connects its subject with a word generally found
  near the end of the sentence and identifies,
  renames, or describes the subject
• Augustus was emperor
• The verb be is the most common linking verb

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Forms of be
Am Are Is Was were Am being Are being Is being Was being Were being Can be Could be May be Might be Must be Shall be Should be Will be Would be Have been Has been Had been Could have been May have been Might have been Shall have been Should have been Will have been Would have been
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Other Linking Verbs

• Appear, come, feel, grow, look, remain, seem,
  smell, sound, state, taste, turn
• The leader looked determined.
• To determine whether these are action or linking,
  insert am, are, or is in its place
• Linking Caesar looks busy. (Caesar is busy.)
• Action Enemies looked for an opportunity.

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Transitive Verbs

• Action verb that directs action toward someone or
  something in the same sentence.
• The host interviewed Sue.
• Interviewed whom? Sue
• The word that receives that action of a
  transitive verb is the object of the verb

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Intransitive Verbs

• Action verb that does not direct action toward
  someone or something named in the same sentence.
• She smiled when she won.
• Smiled what? No answer.

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Linking Verbs

• A verb that connects its subject with a word at
  or near the end of the sentence
• Ex Hudsons ship was the Half Moon.

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Adjectives

• A word used to describe a noun or pronoun
• Give a noun or pronoun a more specific meaning
• Answers one of the following questions
• What kind?
• Which one?
• How many?
• How much?

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Nouns used as Adjectives

• Answers the question What kind? or Which one?
  about a noun that follows it
• Nouns Nouns Used as Adjectives
• Automobile automobile mechanic
• Consumer consumer reporter

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Proper Adjectives

• An adjective formed from a proper noun
• Proper Noun Proper Adjective
• Hawaii Hawaiian pineapples
• Athens Athenian temple

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Compound Adjectives

• An adjective that is made up of more than one
  word
• Hyphenated Combined
• Upside-down cake upright piano
• Full-scale rebellion keynote speaker

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Pronouns Used as Adjectives

• A pronoun is used as an adjective if it describes
  a noun

Possessive Pronouns or Adjectives
My, your, his, her, its, our, their The bride threw her bouquet.
Demonstrative Adjectives
This, that, these, those This lettuce and these dandelions are composite flowers.
Interrogative Adjectives
Which, what, whose Which orchard do you own?
Indefinite Adjectives
Another, either, little, much, neither, one, both, few, many, several, all, any, more, most, other, some Each rose had thorns. We appreciate any donations.
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Verb Forms as Adjective

• Verb forms used as adjectives usually end in ing
  or ed and are called participles
• Ex. I pruned the wilting flowers.

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• Nouns, pronouns, and verb forms function as
  adjectives ONLY when they modify other nouns or
  pronouns

Regular Function As an Adjective
Noun The deck of the boat tilted. I sat in the deck chair.
Pronoun This was an idyllic life. This life was idyllic.
Verb I arranged the flowers. The arranged flowers were admired.
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End Marks

• Periods
• The sky is clear today.
• Question Marks
• Is it sunny outside?
• Exclamation Marks
• How clear the sky is!
• Ouch! That hurt!

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Other Uses of End Marks

• Periods
• Mr. L. A. Ranson, Ph.D.
• I. Causes of revolt
• A. Pay inequities
• Question Marks
• The group raised 25.80 (?).
• On January 21 (?) the group will have its first
  meeting.

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Commas Separating Basic Elements
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Commas w/Independent Clauses

• Use a comma before the conjunction (and, or, but,
  etc) to separate 2 independent clauses in a
  compound sentence.
• Independent clause part of a sentence that can
  stand alone as its own sentence
• Compound sentence a sentence that is made of
  two sentences joined by a conjunction
• Ex. We worked most of the day, but we didnt
  finish the room.
• Ex. Not only were we late for the party, but most
  of the food was gone also.

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Commas w/Items in a Series

• Use commas to separate three or more words,
  phrases, or clauses in a series
• Remember to put a comma before the and
• Mom bought candy, milk, and cookies for the
  party.

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Commas w/Adjectives

• Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank
  but not adjectives that must stay in a specific
  order
• Eager, devoted fans waited outside the stars
  dressing room.
• Many eager fans waited outside the stars
  dressing room.

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More Commas

• Use a comma after an introductory word or phrase
• Introductory word No, you cant have an A.
• Introductory phrase After he spoke, the
  president left the stage.

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• Use commas to set off nonessential expressions
• Names of people being address If you dont
  stop, Jack, Im going to hurt you.
• Certain adverbs I wanted, however, to go
  elsewhere.
• Common expressions Girls, of course, are
  smarter than boys.
• Contrasting expressions Boys are stronger, not
  girls.

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Commas (last time, swear)

• When a date, geographical name, or an address is
  made up of two or more parts, use a comma after
  each item except in the case of a month followed
  by a day.
• Use commas to set off a title following a name.

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• Use a comma in the following
• Date On April 18, 1775
• Geographical Name Atlanta, GA was
• Address My address is 408 Wash St., Mville, VA
• Name w/title Joe Schmo, Ph.D.
• Salutation/closing Dear Ann, / Your friend,
• Numbers 1,234
• Elliptical sentence Joe excels at golf, Dan, at
  tennis
• Direct Quote You know, she said, I hate
  stupid people.
• To prevent confusion Riding with Tim, Jill
  jumped in the car.

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Nouns

• Names a person, place, or thing
• Concrete noun things that can be touched, seen,
  or recognized through any of the 5 senses
• Abstract nouns things that cannot be recognized
  through the 5 sensesthey are ideas
• Compound nouns noun thats made up of more than
  one word

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• Collective nouns name groups of people or
  things
• Common nouns name any one of a class of people,
  places, or things (very generic/vague)
• Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or
  thing and begins with a capital letter

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Semicolons

• Use a semicolon to join
• Independent clauses not joined by a conjunction
  (and, but, or, etc.)
• The chief sounded the alarm the firefighters
  raced to their stations
• Separated by a conjunctive adverb (consequently,
  therefore, however, etc.)
• Helen has a 4.0 average consequently, she has a
  good chance for a scholarship

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• Separated by a transitional expression (in
  addition, at the same time, etc)
• In the first place, Stan loves all sports in
  addition, he has excellent coordination
• With items that already have commas
• The judges will include Mrs. Haley, the drama
  coach Mr. Dakin, the choral director and Mr.
  Odem, the local drama critic.
• Our summer house, a ramshackle bungalow, is far
  from elegant but the views from the porch are
  spectacular.

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Colons

• Use a colon
• To introduce a list of items after an independent
  clause
• The arrangement consisted entirely of spring
  flowers irises, daffodils, and tulips.
• To introduce a quotation that is formal, lengthy,
  or lacks a he said/she said expression
• Ellen waved goodbye Have a good trip.

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• To introduce a sentence that summarizes or
  explains the sentence before it
• The paper reported the election results All
  three present school board members were unseated.
• To introduce a formal noun (appositive) that
  follows an independent clause
• The class play will be an American classic Our
  Town.

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Use Colons in these situations

• Numbers giving time 817 a.m.
• Periodical references Nat Geo XI 421
• Biblical references I Cor. 131-4
• Subtitles Pierre A Tale
• Greetings in business letters
• Dear Mr. Anderson
• Labels telling important ideas
• Caution Slippery when wet

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Forms of be (a verb)

• Am is are was were
• Has have had
• Being been be
• Using these words makes your paper passive voice
• You want to write in active voice, so avoid using
  these words

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Subject-Verb Agreement

• Number refers to the two forms of a word
  singular and plural
• Singular words indicate one
• Plural words indicate more than one
• Singular subjects must have a singular verb
• A vase of flowers is on the table.
• Plural subjects must have plural verbs
• The flowers in the vase are roses.
• Anything that comes between the subject and verb
  does NOT affect subject-verb agreement

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Part of speech Singular Plural Sing/plur
Nouns Shop, freshman Shops, freshmen Deer, fish
Pronoun I, he, she, it We, they You
Verbs Explore, does (I, you, we, they) explore
(I, you, we, they) have, do
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Subject-Verb Agreement pt. 2

• A singular subject after or (or nor) takes a
  singular verb
• A plural subject after or (or nor) takes a
  plural verb
• Compound subjects joined by and take a plural
  verb unless they are thought of as one thing or
  it includes each or every

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Agreement with Compound Subjects

• Joined by or or nor
• Jason, Jen, or Pat does the dishes every night.
• Neither the owners nor the realtor has keys
• Joined by and
• Kim and Sally are coming for dinner.
• Every guest and family member is sure to enjoy it.

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Quotation Marks

• Direct quote a persons exact words or thoughts
• Requires quotation marks
• Do you think it will rain? asked Harry.
• Indirect quote the general meaning of what a
  person said or thought
• Does NOT require quotation marks
• Harry wondered whether or not it would rain.

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• In direct quotations use
• A comma or colon after an introductory expression
• A comma, question mark, or exclamation mark after
  the quote
• Harry asked, Do you think it will rain?
• A comma to surround interrupting expressions in a
  direct quote
• A comma, question mark, or exclamation mark at
  the end of a quote, but before the interrupting
  part and a period at the end
• I certainly hope, Cheryl said, that we win.

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Other punctuation with quotes

• Always place a comma or period inside the final
  quotation marks
• Semicolons and colons go outside the final
  quotation mark
• Use the meaning of the sentence to determine
  where to put question and exclamation marks

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Special Uses

• Use single quotation marks for a quote within a
  quote
• Ann answered, The soliloquy To be or not to
  be, and is found in Act II of Hamlet.
• When writing dialogue, start a new paragraph
  every time the speaker changes
• For quotes longer than 1 paragraph, put quotes at
  the beginning and only at the end of the final
  paragraph

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Adverbs

• Word that modifies (describes) a verb, an
  adjective, or another adverb
• When it describes a verb, it answers the
  following questions
• Where?
• When?
• In what way?
• To what extent?

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• When it describes an adjective or another adverb,
  it only answers To what extent?

Adverbs Modifying (Describing) Verbs
Where? The plant grew upward. The bushes were planted there. In what way? He officially announced it. She was graciously helping. When? She never raked the leaves. Later, we toured the greenhouse. To what extent? The bees were still buzzing. He always did it right.
Adverbs Modifying Adjectives Adverbs Modifying Adverbs
To what extent? The solution was quite logical. It was an extremely overgrown yard. To what extent? He worked very competently. I am not completely finished.
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Subjects and Predicates

• A sentence is a group of words with two main
  parts a complete subject and a complete
  predicate
• Complete subject contains the noun, pronoun, or
  group of words acting as a noun, plus their
  modifiers (descriptions). Tells you who or what
  the sentence is about.
• Complete predicate is the verb or verb phrase and
  any modifiers (adverbs). Tells you what the
  complete subject does or is.

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Complete Subject Complete Predicate
Critters A bell-clanging streetcar Wood or cellulose The candidates pragmatic approach to the fiscal problem creep. moved through the intersection. is a delicious meal for a termite. impressed the voters attending the rally last Thursday.
In some sentences, a portion of the predicate may
precede the complete subject. complete
complete subject predicate At
midnight, the multitude of spiders spun webs.
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Fragments

• A fragment is a group of words that does not
  express a complete thought.
• You correct fragments by adding the missing parts.

Fragments Complete Sentences
People allergic to bug bites. (complete predicate missing) People allergic to bug bites should avoid the outdoors. (complete predicate added)
Thrive in the rain forests. (complete subject missing) Tarantulas thrive in rain forests. (complete subject added)
From the barn. (complete subject and predicate missing) Flies from the barn made their way into the house. (complete predicate and rest of complete subject added)
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Verbals/Verbal Phrases

• Verbal a word the comes from a verb but used as
  a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
• Like verbs, verbals can be described (modified)
  by adverbs and adverb phrases or have complements
  (words that complete the predicate).
• Verbals with modifiers or a complement are called
  verbal phrases.

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Participles/Participial Phrases

• Many adjectives are actually verbals known as
  participles.
• A participle is a form of a verb that can act as
  an adjective.
• Participles come before or after the word they
  describe, answering Which one? or What kind?

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• Participles come in three forms present, past,
  and perfect

Kind of Participle Forms Examples
Present Participle Ends in ing The burning embers fell to the ground. The water shone with glimmering phosphorescence.
Past Participle Usually ends in ed sometimes t, -en, or another irregular ending The scorched forest eventually regenerated itself. The exhausted firefighter didnt hear the alarm.
Perfect Participle Includes having or having been before a past participle Having tested the smoke detector, I replaced its cover. Having been asked, he gave his opinion.
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Participial Phrases

• A participle described (modified) by an adverb or
  adverb phrase or accompanied by a complement.
• The entire phrase acts as an adjective.
• With an adverb Burning brightly, the fire lit up
  the room.
• With an adverb phrase The bone, broken in two
  places, healed slowly.
• With a direct object Holding the high-pressure
  hose, I struggle to stand still.

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• Participial phrases can be used to combine
  information in two sentences into sentence.
• Two sentences The fire marshals speech,
  expressed her opinion about several important
  issue. It convinced many people to vote for her.
• Combined sentences The fire marshs speech,
  convincing many people to vote for her, expressed
  her opinions about several important issues.
• The fire marshals speech, expressing her
  opinions about several important issues,
  convinced many people to vote for her.

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Capitalization for First Words

• Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
• The mountain was tall and forbidding.
• Capitalize the first word in interjections and
  incomplete questions.
• Oh! Marvelous! Why not? When?
• Capitalize the first word in a quotation if the
  quotation is a complete sentence.
• The water rushes to the edge of the falls, he
  said. It could crush a person.
• After seeing it, Roosevelt said that no man can
  improve it.

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• Capitalize the first word after a colon if the
  word begins a complete sentence.
• Livingstone set out to attempt something new He
  led a trip to discover the source of the Nile.
  (complete sentence)
• Before this, he explored much of Africa the
  Kalahari, the Zambezi River, Lake Ngami, etc.
  (list of words/phrases)
• Capitalize the first word in each line of
  traditional poetry.
• Tyger! Tyger! burning bright,
• In the forests of the night

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• Capitalize the first word after a colon in a
  formal resolution that states subject of debates,
  legislative decisions, and acts.
• Resolved That the Senior Class hold an exhibit
  of its work on natural wonders.

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Capitalization for Proper Nouns

• Capitalize all proper nouns.
• Henry, Sir Edmund Hillary, the White House,
  H.M.S. Beagle
• Capitalize each part of a persons full name.
• Francis Drake T. S. Eliot
• McCarthy ODonovan St. James
• Lassie, a dog Velvet, a horse

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• Capitalize geographical and place names
• Hillside Road Dallas Putnam County
• British Colombia the Alps Fiji Islands
• the Southwest Saturn the Alamo
• the Oval Office Room 14 Laboratory C

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• Capitalize the names of specific events and
  periods of time

Special Events and Times
Historical Events the Louisiana Purchase, the Russian Revolution
Historic and Geographic Periods the Renaissance, the Ice Age
Documents the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence
Days and Months Tuesday, July 20, the third week in April
Holidays and Religious Days Easter, Hanukah, Memorial Day
Special Events the Worlds Fair, the Super Bowl
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• Capitalize abbreviations of titles before and
  after names.
• Mr. Green Mrs. Paige Art Romano, Ph.D.

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• Capitalize the names of various organizations,
  government bodies, political parties, races,
  nationalities, languages, and religious
  references.

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Various Groups
Clubs New York Athletic Club, MV Chess Club
Organizations the Salvation Army, American Medical Association
Institutions National Museum of Art, the Boston Symphony
Schools Stanford University, Genoa Area High School
Businesses Allied Chemical Corporation, Prentice-Hall Inc.
Government Bodies the Senate, Army of the Potomac
Political Parties Republican party, Liberal party, the Democrats
Nationalities American, Mexican, Chinese, German
Languages English, Spanish, Swahili
Religious References Christianity God, the Lord, the Bible Islam Allah, the Koran, Muslims
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• Capitalize names of awards names of specific
  types of air, sea, space, and land craft and
  brand names.
• Awards Nobel Peace Prize, the Pulitzer Prize
• Specific Crafts Boeing 747, Apollo V, Ford
  Mustang
• Brand Names Johns Elixer, Aunt Mollys Crackers

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Capitalization for Proper Adjectives

• Capitalize most proper adjectives.
• Proper adjectives from proper nouns American
  Elizabethan, biblical
• Proper nouns as adjectives a Chicago accent, a
  March day
• Do not capitalize certain frequently used proper
  adjectives.
• bowie knife, china cabinet, french toast

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• Capitalize brand names used as an adjective, but
  do NOT capitalize the common noun it modifies.
• Everlasting refrigerator, Big Guy jeans
• Do not capitalize a common noun used with two
  proper adjectives.

Compound Proper Noun Two Proper Adjectives with Common Noun
Volstead Act Main Street Mississippi River Volstead and Payne acts Main, Welch, and West streets Mississippi and Missouri rivers
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• Do NOT capitalize prefixes attached to proper
  adjectives unless the prefix refers to a
  nationality.
• pro-English Franco-Prussian War
• In a hyphenated adjective, capitalize only the
  proper adjective.
• Swedish-speaking immigrant

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Faulty Parallelism

• Parallelism involved presenting equal ideas in
  words, phrases, or clauses of similar types.
• Parallel grammatical structures may be
• Two or more words of the same part of speech
• Two or more phrases of the same type
• Two or more clauses of the same type (phrase with
  a subject and verb)
• Two or more sentences of the same type

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• Parallel words
• The surfer looked strong, fit, and agile.
• Parallel phrases
• The greatest feeling I know is to ride a giant
  wave flawlessly and to have all my friends
  watching me enviously.
• Parallel clauses
• The surfboard that you recommended and that my
  brother wants is on sale.
• Parallel sentences
• It couldnt be, of course. It could never, never
  be.
• Dorothy Parker

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(Dont Write This)

• It was the best of times, it was the worst of
  times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age
  of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it
  was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season
  of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was
  the spring of hope, it was the winter of
  despair.
• from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

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Correcting Faulty Parallelism

• Faulty parallelism occurs when a writer uses
  unequal grammatical structures to express related
  ideas.
• Correct a sentence containing faulty parallelism
  by rewriting it so that each parallel idea is
  expressed in the same grammatical structure.

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Correcting Faulty Parallelism in a series
Nonparallel Structures Corrected sentence
(gerund) (gerund) (noun) Planning, drafting, and revision are three steps in the writing process (gerund) (gerund) (gerund) Planning, drafting, and revising are three steps in the writing process.
(infinitive phrase) I could not wait to try my new surfboard, (infinitive phrase) (participle phrase) to catch some waves, and visiting the beach. (infinitive phrase) I could not wait to try my new surfboard, (infinitive phrase) (infinitive phrase) to catch some waves, and to visit the beach.
(noun clause) Some people feel that surfing is not a (independent clause) sport, but it requires athleticism. (noun clause) Some experts feel that surfing is not a (noun clause) sport, but that it requires athleticism.
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Correcting Faulty Parallelism in Comparisons
Nonparallel Structures Correlated Sentences
(N) Most people prefer corn to eating (gerund phrase) Brussels sprouts. (N) (N) Most people prefer corn to Brussels sprouts.
(prep phrase) I left my job at 700 P.M. rather than (part phrase) stopping work at 500 P.M. (prep phrase) I left my job at 700 P.M. rather than at (prep phrase) the usual 500 P.M.
(S) (prep phrase) I delight in foggy days as much as sunny (S) (DO) days delight other people. (S) (prep phrase) I delight in foggy days as much as other (S) (prep phrase) people delight in sunny days.
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