UEAUA36 TWO AND THREE WHEELERS

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UEAUA36 TWO AND THREE WHEELERS
BY. B.HARISHBABU Asst.prof,VTU
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UNIT I
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Four Stroke SI Engine Stroke 1 Fuel-air
mixture introduced into cylinder
through intake valve Stroke 2 Fuel-air
mixture compressed Stroke 3 Combustion
(constant volume) occurs and
product gases expand doing work Stroke 4
Product gases pushed out of the cylinder
through the exhaust valve
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CylinderComponents
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Four-Stroke SI Engine
Exhaust gas residual
IVO - intake valve opens, IVC intake valve
closes EVO exhaust valve opens, EVC exhaust
valve opens Xb burned gas mole fraction
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Two Stroke SI Engine
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Rotary Combustion Engines
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Rotor Visual Explanation
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Two-Stroke Scavenging
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UNIT II
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Two-Stroke SI Engine
EPO exhaust port open EPC exhaust port
closed IPO intake port open IPC intake port
closed
scavenging
Exhaust area
Intake area
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Cylinder Arrangement

• Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per
  crank revolution
• (2 stroke) or two revolutions (4 stroke). The
  torque pulses are widely
• spaced, and engine vibration and smoothness are
  significant problems.
• Used in small engine applications where engine
  size is more important
• Multi-cylinder engines spread out the
  displacement volume amongst
• multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency
  of power strokes
• produces smoother torque characteristics. Engine
  balance (inertia forces
• associated with accelerating and decelerating
  piston) better than single
• cylinder.
• Most common cylinder arrangements
• In-line 4-cylinder
• In-line 6-cylinder
• V-6 and V-8

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Power Regulation (Throttling)
An IC engine is basically an air engine, the
more air you get into the cylinder, the more fuel
you can burn, the more power you get out. The
initial pressure in the cylinder is roughly equal
to the pressurein the intake manifold. Pressure
in the intake manifold is varied by opening and
closing the throttle plate to change the pressure
drop. Maximum air flow (andpower) achieved at
wide-open-throttle (WOT). Minimum air flow at
idle
Fuel
Idle
WOT
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Basic Carburetor Design
Air Flow
Venturi
Fuel
Throttle
Mixture to manifold
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Fuel Injection System
Air intake manifold
Throttle
Fuel tank
During start-up the components are cold so fuel
evaporation is very slow, as a result additional
fuel is added through a second injecting valve
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Superchargers are compressors that are
mechanically driven by theengine crankshaft and
thus represent a parasitic load.
Patm
Pint gt Patm
Compressor
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Turbochargers couple a compressor with a turbine
driven by the exhaust gas. The compressor
pressure is proportional to the engine speed
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The peak pressure in the exhaust system is only
slightly greater than atmospheric small DP
across turbine. In order to produce enough power
to run compressor the turbine speed must be very
fast (100k-200k rev/min). It takes time for the
turbine toget up to speed so when the throttle
is opened suddenly there is a delayin achieving
peak power - Turbo lag. Waste gate valve
controls the exhaust gas flow rate to the
turbine. It is controlled by the intake manifold
pressure
EXHAUST FLOW
INTAKE AIR
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Electronic ignition system
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A centrifugal clutch is a clutch that uses
centrifugal force to connect two concentric
shafts, with the driving shaft nested inside the
driven shaft.
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Chassis The two-wheeler chassis consists of the
frame, suspension, wheels and brakes. The
chassis is what truly sets the overall style of
the two-wheeler. Automotive chassis is the main
carriage systems of a vehicle. The type
determines the gearing configuration, flex and
the type of modifications that can be
accommodated. Frame The frame serves as a
skeleton upon which parts like gearbox and engine
are mounted. It can be made of steel, aluminum or
an alloy. It keeps the wheels in line to maintain
the handling of the two-wheeler. Suspension It
is a collection of springs and shock absorbers.
It can be of two types front suspension and rear
suspension. It insulates both the rider and the
bulk of the machine from road shocks and also
keeps the wheels in the closest possible contact
with the ground and gives control of the vehicle
to the rider. The front suspension helps to guide
the front wheel, to steer, to spring, to dampen,
and to provide support under braking.
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Types of Frames Motor cycles / Mopeds use three
basic frame designs 1.Cradle Frame, (2) Back
Bone Frame, (3) Stamped Frame The cradle frame is
one of the most enduring type and is shown in
figure
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Stamped underbone frame
Details of shock absorber
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Wheels A wheel is a circular object which with
an axle, allows low friction in motion by
rolling. A wheel is made up of the rim and spokes
or disc plate. Wheels should be aligned properly
because it directly influences driving.
Two-wheeler wheels are generally of aluminum or
steel rims with spokes. Brakes Generally, there
are two independent brakes on a two-wheeler one
set on the front wheel and one on the rear,
however, there are many models which have 'linked
brakes' and apply both at the same time. The
front brake is generally much more powerful than
the rear brake. Brakes can either be drum or disc
based. When the rider operates one of the brakes,
a fluid element known as hydraulics is
pressurized to provide the required forces to
squeeze the brake pad material onto the rotor and
slow down or stop the vehicle.
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Gear Box The motorcycle gear box contains a
number of gears in different sizes. In the
process of gear switching, different pairs of
gearwheels lock together. A large and small wheel
lock together in the lowest or slowest gear.
Similar size wheels lock together in the highest
or fastest gear. The motorcycle gear box is the
component that makes the actual ratio between the
engine and the driving wheels. It is also
referred to as transmission gear. Types of
Motorcyle Gear Box In a general manner, the
motorcycle gear box can be of three types, they
are Horizontally Split It has a seam on the
horizontal plane. Vertically Split It has a seam
on the vertical plane. Cassette Type The gears
are loaded in from one side.
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Characteristics of Gear Box The gears are
constantly meshed with one another and they are
always spinning. Uses of Gear Box It controls
gear and shaft alignment. It controls the engine
RPM. It protects the gears and lubricants from
water, dust and other environmental
contaminants.
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Functions of Two Wheeler Shock Absorbers They
absorb the shock from bumps on the road and helps
to 1.make riding safe and smooth. 2.they allow
the use of soft springs while controlling the
rate of 3.suspension movement in response to
bumps. 4.They also, along with hysteresis in the
tire itself, damp the motion of the unsprung
weight up and down on the springiness of the
tire. 5.Shock Absorber system make the vehicle
manageable. Materials used for making Shock
absorbersThe most commonly used materials for
making these absorbers are Steel Aluminum Mainte
nance of Shock Absorbers It should be checked
regularly. Oils should be changed according to
the recommended time.
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Suspension system Introduction A Motorcycle
Suspension System consists of a spring coupled to
a viscous damping element, a piston, in a
cylinder filled with oil. The piston smooths out
vibrations induced by the vehicle while moving as
it moves through the oil. The flow of oil through
the piston is regulated by an adjustable elastic
deformable flap called a shim.
Types of Motorcycle Suspension Front
Suspension The predominant type of front
suspension is the suspension fork. The bottom
part of the fork is fitted over the tubes that
connect the fork to the frame. When the vehicle
hits a bump, the spring gets compressed and the
piston forces fluid through the orifice. Rear
Suspension Most of the time the rear suspension
are used as a shock absorber
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Functions of Motorcycle Suspension The main
functions of the motorcycle suspensions are To
insulate both the rider and the bulk of the
machine from road shocks. It makes a much safer
and comfortable ride and is important for proper
mechanical reliability and longevity. To keep the
wheels in the closest possible contact with the
ground and gives control of the vehicle to the
rider. The front suspension helps to guides the
front wheel, to steer, to spring, to dampen, and
to provide support under braking. Materials used
for making Suspensions The materials most
commonly used for making suspensions
are Steel Aluminum Maintenance of
Suspensions The suspensions should be checked
for loose nuts and bolts and leaks. The swing arm
bearings should be lubricated monthly.
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UNIT III
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Disk brake Components of Disk brake brake
calipers brake pads rotors
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Drum brake
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Wheel parts A wheel is a circular object which
with an axle, allows low friction in motion by
rolling. A wheel is made up of the rim and spokes
or disc plate. The standard size of wheels for
two-wheelers is 17 inch. Wheels should be aligned
properly because it directly influences
driving. Parts of a Wheel There are two basic
parts of a Wheel Tire Wheel Rim Wheel Spoke or
Compact Disc Tire is also an important part of a
wheel. It works as a wheel only after it is
installed on the rim and is inflated.
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Two types of spokes.
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Spoked wheel transmits driving torque and braking
torque through different set of spokes.
Split disc wheel
Wheel hub details
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Materials used for making Motorcycle Wheel
PartsWheel for two-wheelers are usually made of
aluminum. Magnesium is also used for making
wheels, but they are meant for race bikes because
they are very strong and light. Even carbon
fibers are also used for making
wheels. Maintenance of Motorcycle Wheel
PartsThough a simple device, the wheel needs
proper care and maintenance to keep it taut and
free of damage and in perfect balance. Regular
inspection for loose or damaged spokes is a
must. They must be kept clean and free of
rust. The wheel should be aligned properly
otherwise it can wear the tires, reduce tire
mileage and impair steering and cornering. Proper
checking of the wheels to insure that they are in
good condition is a must because cracked or bent
wheel can lead to the loss of air and cause
subsequent deflation of the tire.
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Tyre
A Rubber Tire is a device covering the
circumference of a wheel. It is an essential part
of most ground vehicles. The combination of air
with rubber tire supports the vehicle and its
contents.
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Part of a tyre
Figure Simple tyre tread patterns
Tyre wear (1) Skid depth. (2) Side wall. (3)
Wear indicator
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Tyre road contact for different extent of tyre
inflation (a) Correct inflation. (b) Under
inflation, tyre cries May side walls are heated
due to bending. I need more air. (c) Over
inflation.
Tyre rotation
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Parts of a Rubber Tire The Bead fits inside
the rim of the wheel and is held in place by tire
pressure. The Sidewall protects the cord
plies and has all the tire information printed on
it. The Tread provides strength and stability
and is the interface that provides traction to
the road surface. The Belt Plies and Body
Plies give the tire its stability and resistance
to road damage. An inner liner combats
permeability (keeping the air in the tire).
Sipes are small slits in the tread that improve
traction. Functions of Rubber Tires Rubber Tire
absorbs the shock of road roughness and can
provide a smooth, safe ride. They protect the
wheel from wear and tear. They provide a
high-friction bond between the vehicle and the
road to improve acceleration and handling. They
also provide other functions such as traction for
moving, stopping and steering as well as
providing a cushion for the vehicle
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UNIT IV V
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Two wheelers
Case study to Two wheeler and three wheeler
www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/28/28-1-03.pdf www.cc
sindia.org/ccsindia/policy/live/studies/wp0065.pdf
www.tvsmotor.in/pdf/analystmeet2005.pdf http//ww
w.ustudy.in/node/2103
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Motor Cycle components
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Unit 5 Three Wheelers Case study of
Autorickshaws, Pick up vans, delivery van and
Trailer servicing and Maintenance.
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For details www.tvsmotor.in
http//www.jsauto.co.in/
www.alibaba.com/showroom/three-wheeler-manufacture
r-in-india.html
www.pal3wheeler.com/
www.bajajauto.com/commercial_vehicle.asp
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Thank you