CHAPTER 18 COLD WAR CONFLICTS

1
CHAPTER 18 COLD WAR CONFLICTS
2
The United States and the Soviet Union
werewartime allies. But there had been trouble
between them for some time. A major reason was
that they had opposing political and economic
systems. In addition, the Soviets were angry that
the United States had taken so long to launch an
attack against Hitler in Europe. Stalin also did
not like that the United States had kept the
development of the atomic bomb a secret.
Americans were upset that Stalin had signed a
treaty with Hitler before World War II. Still, at
the end of the war, people hoped that the United
Nations (UN) would help bring a time of peace.
Instead, the UN became a place where the two
superpowers competed and tried to influence other
nations.
3
International peacekeeping organization formed in
1945.
4
AnsUnited Nations
5
Truman and Stalin disagreed over the future
ofEurope. Truman wanted strong democratic
nations. He wanted the United States to be able
to buy raw materials in Eastern Europe. He also
wanted Eastern European markets for American
products. Stalin wished to spread communism. He
also wanted to control Eastern Europe to prevent
another invasion of Soviet territory. He wanted
to use the resources of Germany and Eastern
Europe to rebuildhis war-torn nation.
6
Stalin set up Communist governments in
theEuropean nations occupied by Soviet troops.
They became satellite nations, countries that
depended on and were dominated by the Soviet
Union. The United States answered with a policy
of containment. This was an effort to block
Soviet influence by making alliances and
supporting weaker nations. In 1946, Winston
Churchill described an ironcurtain coming down
across Europe. It separated the nations in the
Soviet sphere from the capitalist democracies
of the West.
7
A country dominated politically economically by
another nation.
8
AnsSatellite Nation
9
Policy of US to block the spread of Soviet
influence during late 1940s/1950s.
10
Ans-Containment
11
A phrase used by Winston Churchill to describe
division of Europe into West and East.
12
AnsIron Curtain
13
(No Transcript)
14
The conflicting aims of the United States and the
Soviet Union led to the Cold War. This was a
state of hostility between these superpowers, but
onewithout military action. Each tried to spread
its political and economic influence worldwide.
15
State of Hostility between US USSR after WWII
without direct military conflict.
16
AnsCold War
17
Trumans first test of containment was when
Greece and Turkey needed economic and military
aid in 1947. In the Truman Doctrine, the
president argued that aid should be sent to any
nation trying to stop Communists from taking
over. Congress agreed. Aid was sent to Turkey and
Greece. Western Europe was also in terrible
economic shape. Secretary of State George
Marshall wanted to send aid to nations that
cooperated with American economic goals. When
Soviet troops took over Czechoslovakia in 1949.
Congress saw the need for strong, stable
governments to resist communism. It approved the
Marshall Plan. The plan was a great success in
rebuilding Western Europe and halting the spread
of communism.
18
Policy of providing economic military aid to
free nations threatened by internal/external
opponents.
19
AnsTruman Doctrine
20
US supplies economic aid to European nations to
help them rebuild after WWII.
21
AnsMarshall Plan
22
East and West also disagreed over Germany.
Stalinwanted to keep it weak and divided. The
Western allies thought Europe would be more
stable if Germany were united and productive.
Berlin was also divided into four occupied zones.
But it was located in Soviet-controlled East
Germany. The Soviets cut off all transportation
to West Berlin. West Berlin was the name given
the zones occupied by Britain, France, and the
United States. The Soviets said they would hold
the city hostage until the West gave up the idea
of German reunification. Instead, the United
States and Britain started the Berlin Airlift.
For 327 days, planes brought food and supplies to
West Berlin. Finally, the Soviets gave up the
blockade. The blockade made the West worry about
Soviet aggression. The United States and Canada
joined with ten European nations in a defensive
military alliance called the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO). Members agreed that
an attack on one was an attack on all.
23
Operation in which US planes flew in food/fuel to
German capital when Soviets blockaded city.
24
AnsBerlin Airlift
25
A defensive military alliance formed by US and 10
Western European Countries.
26
AnsNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
27
For two decades the Chinese Communists struggled
against the Nationalist government led by Chiang
Kai-shek. The United States supported Chiang
because he opposed communism. However, Chiangs
government was inefficient and corrupt. He
overtaxed the Chinese people even during times of
famine, and did not have their support. Mao
Zedong led the Communist forces in the North. He
won the support of many Chinese peasants. Mao
distributed land to them and reduced rents. He
had an experienced army with high morale. In
1949, Chiang and his forces had to flee to
Taiwan, an island off the coast of China. China
was now Communist. Containment in China had
failed.
28
Leader of Nationalist forces in China.
29
AnsChiang Kai-Shek
30
Island off Chinas Coast
31
Ans--Taiwan
32
Leader of Communist forces in China
33
AnsMao Zedong
34
Japan had ruled Korea since 1910. At the end of
World War II, Japanese forces in the north
surrendered to the Soviets. In the south, the
Japanese surrendered to the Americans. Two
nations then developed. They were separated by
the 38th parallel, an imaginary line that divides
Korea at 38 degrees north latitude. In 1948,
South Korea became an independent nation. North
Korea became a Communist nation. Each claimed the
right to rule all of Korea. In June 1950, North
Korea started the Korean War by invading South
Korea. The United Nations agreed to help South
Korea. Troops from 16 nations - most of them
American - were sent to South Korea. They were
led by General Douglas MacArthur.
35
Imaginary line that divides Korea.
36
Ans38th Parallel
37
War begun when Northern Communists invaded
Southern part of country in 1950.
38
AnsKorean War
39
For two years, fighting continued. But neither
side advanced. MacArthur wanted to extend the war
into China. He even suggested dropping atomic
bombs on China. Truman was against this strategy.
The Soviets were allies of the Chinese. Truman
felt bombing China would start World War III.
MacArthur continued to argue for his plan. He
spoke to the press and to Republican leaders.
Truman felt that he could no longer allow
MacArthurs insubordination. He fired MacArthur
as commander. A cease-fire went into effect in
June 1951. Both sides agreed on a demilitarized
zone at the 38th parallel. An armistice was
signed in July 1953. The agreement was a
stalemate. Korea was still divided between
Communist North Korea and non-Communist South
Korea. Many people felt that American lives had
been lost for little gain. Americans also became
even more worried about Communist expansion
abroad and Communist spies at home.
40
Many Americans felt threatened by the rise of
Communist governments in Europe and Asia. Some
even felt that Communists could threaten the U.S.
government from within. These fears increased
when people found out about some spies selling
U.S. government secrets to the Soviets. In 1947,
Congress set up the House Committee on
Un-American Activities (HUAC). Its purpose was to
look for Communists both inside and outside
government. HUAC concentratedon the movie
industry because of suspected Communistinfluences
in Hollywood. Ten people called before HUAC
refused to testify. They said the hearings were
unconstitutional. The Hollywood Ten, as they were
called, were sent to prison for their refusal. In
response to the HUAC hearings, Hollywood
executives created a list of some 500 people they
thought were Communist-influenced. They refused
to hire the people on this blacklist. Many
peoples careers were ruined.
41
Congressional committee that looked for communist
spies
42
AnsHUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee).
43
People called before HUAC who refused to testify
and were jailed
44
AnsHollywood 10
45
People in Hollywood who were refused jobs because
they didnt cooperate with HUAC.
46
Ans--Blacklist
47
Two spy cases added to the fear of
communismsweeping the nation. One involved an
official of the State Department named Alger
Hiss. A former Soviet spy accused Hiss of spying
for the Soviet Union. Hiss was convicted of
perjury for lying, and went to jail. In 1949, the
Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb. A British
scientist admitted giving the Soviets secret
information about the American bomb. He also
implicated two Americans Ethel and Julius
Rosenberg. The Rosenbergs were members of the
American Communist Party. They denied the charges
of spying. But they were convicted and sentenced
to death. The Rosenbergs were executed in 1953.
48
Former State Department official accused of
spying for Soviets
49
AnsAlger Hiss
50
Tried and executed for selling Atomic bomb
secrets to USSR
51
AnsJulius Ethel Rosenberg
52
In the early 1950s, Republican Senator Joseph
McCarthy made headlines. He claimed
thatCommunists were taking over the government.
He also said the Democrats were guilty of treason
forallowing this Communist infiltration.
McCarthy never produced any evidence to support
his charges. These unsupported attacks on
suspected Communists became known as McCarthyism.
Later, McCarthyism also came to mean the unfair
tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without
producing evidence. Some complained that McCarthy
was violating peoples constitutional rights. In
1954, McCarthy made accusations against the U.S.
Army. The Senate hearings were broadcast on
national television. The American people watched
McCarthy bully witnesses but produce no evidence.
McCarthy lost public favor. The Senate voted to
condemn him.
53
Republican Senator from Wisconsin who claimed the
Communists were taking over the US Government
54
AnsJoseph McCarthy
55
Term used to refer to tactic of accusing people
of disloyalty without producing evidence
56
Ans--McCarthyism
57
The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb
in 1949. American leaders wanted to develop a
more powerful weapon. In 1952, the United States
exploded the first hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb. But
the Soviets tested their own H-bomb in 1953.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was president. His secretary
of state, John Foster Dulles, was very
anti-Communist. He said America must not
compromise. The United States must be prepared to
use all of its nuclear weapons against any
aggressor.This willingness to go to the edge, or
brink, of war was called brinkmanship.
58
Republican President after Truman in 1950s
59
AnsDwight D. Eisenhower
60
Type of bomb 500x more powerful than the atomic
bomb
61
AnsHydrogen Bomb
62
Willingness to go to the edge of war
63
Ans--Brinkmanship
64
The United States began making more
nuclearweapons. So did the Soviet Union. This
was called the arms race. Many Americans feared a
nuclear attack at any time. They had air-raid
drills and fallout shelters to prepare for these
attacks. The United States was in competition
with the Soviet Union all over the world.
President Eisenhower began to rely on the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA used spies to
get information abroad. It also carried out
covert actions, or secret operations, to weaken
or overthrowgovernments unfriendly to the United
States.
65
Spy Agency of US
66
AnsCIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
67
Soviet dictator Josef Stalin died in 1953. At
first, tensions eased between the superpowers.
People called it a thaw in the Cold War. But when
West Germany joined NATO, the Soviet Union formed
a military alliance with its satellite nations in
1955.This alliance was called the Warsaw Pact.
The Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, came to
power in the years after Stalins death. Unlike
Stalin, he believed communism could triumph
through peaceful means.
68
Military Alliance of USSR and eastern European
satellite nations
69
AnsWarsaw Pact
70
Soviet Leader after Joseph Stalin died.
71
AnsNikita Khrushchev
72
In 1956, a crisis developed in the Middle
East.Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal. The
Canal was located in Egypt but owned by Britain
and France, who had built it. Egypt was an ally
of the Soviet Union. Britain, France, and Israel
invaded Egypt to take the Canal back. The Soviets
threatened to bomb Britain and France. The United
States threatened to retaliate. During the
crisis,Eisenhower issued a warning, known as
theEisenhower Doctrine. It said the United
Stateswould defend the Middle East against
Communist attack.
73
Policy stated that US would defend the Middle
East against Communist Attack.
74
AnsEisenhower Doctrine
75
On October 4, 1957, the Soviets shocked theworld
by launching Sputnik I. It was the first
artificial satellite to orbit the earth. American
scientists also worked hard to catch up. The
United States had been flying spy missions over
the Soviet Union. The CIA used U-2 aircraft that
flew so high they could not be shot down.
However, on May 1, 1960, a U-2 spy plane was shot
down over the Soviet Union. The pilot, Francis
Gary Powers, was captured and convicted of
spying. This U-2 incident happened right before a
meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev. At the
meeting, Khrushchev criticized the United States
and walked out. The U-2 incident hurt
Eisenhowers ability to deal with the Soviets.
76
Spy Plane shot down and pilot captured in 1960
77
AnsU2 Incident
78
Pilot of U2 spy plane shot down over Soviet Union
in May 1960
79
AnsFrancis Gary Powers
80
Chapter 18Visual Reflection
81
Visual Reflection

• Directions On your sheet, write down your
  immediate thoughts on each image that you see on
  the screen. Ask yourself, who is involved, what
  are people doing, what might they be
  experiencing, what kind of emotion are they
  expressing.

82
Visual Reflection Ch. 18

• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
• 6.
• 7.
• 8.
• 9.
• 10

83
1 Which 2 superpowers emerge AFTER WWII by
looking at the images below?
84
2 What does this map tell us about geography of
Germany AFTER WWII?
85
3 What does Stalin look like hes doing in this
political cartoon?
86
4 Which countries received the most in
assistance from the U.S. after WWII?
87
5 What is Stalin trying to block from European
Recovery?
88
6 What do the Soviet Union and China have in
common by looking at the images below? They are
both___________
89
7 What does this map tell us about the
political situation of Korea?
90
8. What are Americans fearful of in the image
below?
91
9. What kind of race are the U.S. and Soviet
Union in with one another?
92
10 What kind of race will now push the U.S.
and Soviet Union into further competition w/one
another?