The Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland

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The Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland

• Calvin and the French Reformation

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(No Transcript)
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Jean Calvin (1509-1564)

• The leader of the Reformed church after the
  death of Zwingli.
• Produced 50 volumes of commentaries 35 volumes
  of correspondence 2500 unpublished sermons
• Logical, clear, systematic thinker.

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The Education of Jean Calvin

• Born of humble ancestry
• Yet maintained manners of nobility father was a
  notary
• Born at Noyon, Picardy, 60 miles northeast of
  Paris
• 26 years younger than Luther
• Belonged to second generation of reformers
• Father wanted him to be a priest but Calvin
  studied law and pursued humanist studies (in
  Orleans 1528).
• After his fathers death, he returns to Paris in
  1531
• Receives the Doctor of Laws (1532)
• His first book was a commentary on Seneca (1533)

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Calvin Museum constructed at location of his house
Noyon Cathedral
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Calvin and Protestantism

• Testifies to some mysterious experience in 1532.
• Very secret about it
• Other students came to him to learn what he
  believed
• Convinced of Gods sovereignty and omnipotence
• Felt himself the chosen instrument of God
• Wrote a sermon for Nicholas Cop that was preached
  on Nov 1, 1533.
• It quoted Luther and was Protestant in tone.
• Cop and Calvin had to flee Paris in 1534 because
  the persecution of Protestants had begun.

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Jean Calvin (1509-1564)

• After studying law in Paris and Orleans, he
  emerged in 1534 as a leading Reformer in France.
• Francis I of France issued an edict suppressing
  Protestants in 1535.
• In 1536 Calvin produced a brief, systematic
  summary of the Protestant faith. Through 26
  editions and many translations, it became the
  classic statement of ProtestantismInstitutes of
  the Christian Religion.

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Calvins Institutes of the Christian Religion

• First published in 1536 in Basel and dedicated to
  Francis I, King of France.
• First edition was only 6 chapters, but the last
  edition was 80 chapters.
• Total of 10 editions (1536 to 1560), published in
  Latin and French.
• The structure was originally based on the
  Apostles Creedsystematic, clear and orderly
  with strong rooting in Scripture and Augustine
  (and other church fathers).
• The most influential book of the Reformation.

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Geneva

• Geneva was the focus of concern as Swiss Cantons
  were dividing between Protestant and Catholic,
  and French Catholic Savoy wanted to retain Geneva
  within its territory.
• Protestant cities, like Bern, rescued Geneva from
  Savoys attack in 1530.
• Farel (1489-1565), a reformer in Basel, came to
  Geneva in 1532 and persuaded magistrates to favor
  Reform by 1534 through several disputations.
• By 1535, the city council gave Catholic clergy
  the choice to convert or leave the city.
• Calvin, traveling through the city in July 1536,
  was convinced to remain as a leader of the
  Reformation there.

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Geneva Reformation

• The initial movements (1536-1538) did not go well
  and after a stay in Strasbourg (1538-1541),
  Calvin returned to the city triumphantly.
• The source of the conflict was the relationship
  between the Council and the church.
• Calvin favored ecclesiastical control of church
  discipline and regulating church ordinances while
  the Council wanted to control discipline.
• Calvin was inexperienced, and the Council drove
  the Reformers out of the city in 1538.

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Calvin in Strasbourg (1538-1541)

• Calvin served a French refugee church in
  Strasbourg.
• Bucer influenced Calvin
• Organization of the church
• Meaning of the Lords Supper
• The Importance of Church Discipline
• The Role of the Holy Spirit in the Sanctification
  of the Believer.

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Calvin in Strasbourg

• Calvin married an Anabaptists widow, Idelette de
  Bure
• Wrote his commentary on Romans
• Met Melancthon at the 1541 dialogue.
• Taught at an academy.

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The Ordinances of God

• Creation
• Nature
• External Order (State)

• Recreation
• Scripture
• External Means
• Preaching
• Sacraments
• Church Discipline
• Internal Change
• Holy Spirit
• Sanctification
• Union with God in Christ

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Calvins Theology

• Wanted to restore purity of Christianity before
  corrupted by Roman Catholicism
• Saw God as creator, preserver, governor of
  universe
• Creation, Fall, Redemption as the story of
  Scripture.
• God worked out one consistent scheme of
  redemption through a covenant of grace.

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Calvin and Grace

• Humanity sinful and incapable of good works
• Cannot save itself
• Dependent entirely on Gods grace
• Gods justice satisfied by death of Christ
• Believers justified when they trust in Christ
• Christ takes humanitys sin believers are
  clothed with the perfect righteousness of Christ
• Faith itself is a gift of Gods grace (like
  Zwingli)

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• Human nature is wholly corrupted.  Blind in
  spirit and depraved in heart, humankind has lost
  all integrity not a trace remains.  Humanity
  retains some capacity to distinguish between good
  and evil, but in seeking God even this light is
  turned to darkness.  Therefore people cannot
  approach God by their own intelligence and
  reason.  The human will may inspire people to a
  range of actions, but it remains utterly captive
  to sin, so that humankind has no freedom except
  that which God gives. 

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Gallic Confession of Faith

• We believe that the foundation of our
  justification is the remission of our sins.  (In
  this, says David, we find our only happiness.) 
  This is why we reject all other means of seeking
  justification before God.  Rather than presuming
  our own virtue or merit, we rely solely on the
  obedience of Jesus Christ, which is ascribed to
  us for the covering over of our sins as well as
  for granting us favor before God. 

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• We also reject all the various means by which
  people presume to be redeemed before God,
  disparaging the sacrificial suffering and death
  of Jesus Christ.  Finally, we consider purgatory
  to be an illusion found in the same marketplace
  as monastic vows, pilgrimages, prohibition of
  marriage and eating of meat, ceremonial days,
  private confession, indulgences, and everything
  else that people imagine will merit grace and
  salvation. We reject these things not only
  because of their false understanding of merit,
  but also because these are human inventions that
  burden consciences. 

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Election Preservation

• Calvin believed in Gods eternal election God
  has chosen who will be saved by his own grace.
• Thus God will preserve his elect to eternal life
• Calvins interest in the doctrine of
  predestination was pastoralto give assurance.
• Humanity has the responsibility to respond to
  Gods grace in holiness, good works, and faithful
  obedience

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• We believe that from the general corruption and
  condemnation into which all are plunged, God
  rescues those who are elect in our Lord Jesus
  Christ according to God's eternal and unchanging
  counsel.   All this is by God's goodness and
  mercy alone, without regard to anyone's works,
  that the riches of God's mercy shine forth in
  them.   Others, however, are left in corruption
  and condemnation in order to demonstrate God's
  justice in them.  In reality, those who are
  rescued are no better than those who are left in
  corruption and condemnation.  God distinguishes
  between them according to his eternal counsel,
  determined in Jesus Christ before the creation of
  the world. 

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• We believe that we are illuminated in faith by
  the unfathomable grace of the Holy Spirit. 
  Because God imparts this gracious and distinctive
  gift to whomever he chooses, the faithful have no
  cause to glorify themselves.  Instead, the
  faithful are doubly indebted that they have been
  chosen rather than others.  Moreover, faith is
  not given to the elect merely to introduce them
  to the way of righteousness, but to enable them
  to persevere in faith to the end.  God begins the
  way, and God brings it to completion. 

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The Church to Calvin

• The one Church of Christ was the sum of Gods
  elect, invisible, members known to God
• Believers in one community become visible church
• Exists wherever word faithfully preached and
  heard sacraments (baptism and the Lords
  Supper) faithfully administered
• Published Ecclesiastical Ordinances 1541

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Sacraments

• Accepted Bucers doctrine of the spiritual (not
  substantial but neither merely symbolic) presence
  in communion
• Wanted communion in all churches at least once
  weekly, but council denied his request
• Held high view of importance and necessity of
  baptism baptism is an instrumental means of
  grace through which God ordinarily works.
• Consensu Tigurinus (Zurich Agreement) with
  Bullinger (1504-1575) in 1549.

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• We believe that God truly and effectively gives
  us what is represented in the Lord's Supper and
  in Baptism, and that the signs are united with
  the true possession and benefit of all they
  present.  Thus, all who bring the receptacle of
  pure faith to the sacred table of Christ truly
  receive what the signs signify.  The body and
  blood of Jesus Christ are food and drink for the
  soul just as bread and wine are nourishment for
  the body. 

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• We believe that the sacraments are joined to the
  Word so that it may be more fully confirmed.  The
  sacraments are pledges to us and seals of God's
  grace, giving needed aid and comfort to our faith
  because of our weakness and immaturity.  We
  believe that the sacraments are outward signs
  through which God works in the truth of his
  Spirit, and we know that what they signify is not
  in vain.  At the same time we hold that their
  substance and power are in Jesus Christ alone
  apart from him, they are nothing more than shadow
  and smoke. 

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Confession of Faith (1559)

• In Baptism we are grafted into the body of
  Christ, washed and cleansed by his blood, and
  renewed in holiness of life by his Spirit. 
  Although we are baptized only once, the benefit
  it signifies lasts through life and death, so
  that we have an enduring testimony that Jesus
  Christ will be our justification and
  sanctification forever. Baptism is a sacrament of
  faith and repentance, yet because God receives
  little children into his church together with
  their parents, we declare under the authority of
  Jesus Christ that little children born of the
  faithful ought to be baptized. 

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• We confess that the holy Supper of the Lord is a
  testimony of our unity with Jesus Christ. He died
  only once and was raised for our sake, yet we are
  truly fed and are nourished by his flesh and
  blood.  Thus we are made one with him and his
  life is communicated to us.  Although he is in
  heaven until he comes to judge the world, we
  believe that he gives us life and nourishes us
  with the substance of his body and his blood.  
  This takes place in the unfathomable and
  incomprehensible power of his Spirit.  We
  maintain that this is done spiritually, which
  does not mean that we substitute imagination or
  fantasy for reality and truth, but that the
  greatness of this mystery exceeds the capacities
  of our minds and the order of nature.  In short,
  because it is heavenly, it can only be
  apprehended by faith. 

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The Scriptures

• Held high view of Scripture
• One book, Old New Testament
• Revealing one plan of human redemption
• His people truly a People of the Book
• Believed that we should not act without
  Scriptural authority

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Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)

• We believe that the word contained in the books
  of Scripture has come from God,  receiving its
  authority from God alone and not from humans.  As
  such, this word is the rule of all truth,
  containing everything necessary for the service
  of God and for our salvation.  Thus, neither
  humans nor angels are permitted to add to it,
  subtract from it, or change it in any way.  It
  follows that no authority may be set above Holy
  Scripture not antiquity, or tradition, or
  majority opinion, or human wisdom not judgments,
  or pronouncements, or edicts, or decrees, or
  councils not visions or signs.  On the contrary,
  everything must be examined, measured, and
  reformed according to Scripture.  It is because
  they conform to the Word of God that we confess
  the  Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the
  Athanasian Creed.

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Second Call to Geneva

• Political shift in Geneva
• People wanted preachers back
• Catholic Church had sought to return and Calvin
  opposed through his Letter to Sadoleto
• Farel persuaded him to return with him
• Left Strasbourg in tears
• Stayed in Geneva the rest of his life
• Next 28 years

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Geneva 1541-1564

• Very successful reformer
• Preached, supervised church, encouraged commerce
  trade, advised council
• Founded University of Geneva
• Public morality successfully enforced
• Geneva became city of refuge for Protestants in
  exile from all over Europe

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Geneva The Reformed City

• From 1541-1564, Geneva was the heartbeat of the
  Reformed Protestant faith (e.g., Calvinism).
• It sent missionaries into France and southern
  France was significantly influenced (by 1561 2150
  Protestant churches).
• It became a refugee city for persecuted French,
  Dutch, Scottish and English Protestants.
• Through this influence, the Netherlands became
  the locus of the Dutch Reformed Church, the
  Scottish Kirk became Presbyterian, the Puritans
  sought reform in England and the Huguenots were a
  religious and political force in France.

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French Reformed Church

• France had always had a certain independence
  (Gallicanism).
• Calvin encouraged missionaries to France from
  GenevaFrench pastors were under the cross
  (trained to be executed).
• Henry II (1547-1559) persecuted the French
  Reformed church.
• First National Synod of the French Reformed
  Church in 1559 and they adopted the Gallic
  Confession.
• By 1562, over 2000 churches and 3,000,000 members
  in a nation of only 20,000,000 people.

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Calvinism as a System

• T Total Depravity
• U Unconditional Election
• L Limited Atonement
• I Irresistible Grace
• P Perseverance of the Saints
• Synod of Dordt (1618-1619) the official
  confirmation of this system as the theology of
  the Reformed Faith (Calvinism).

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The English Reformation

• The Anglican (Episcopal) Church

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England Ready for Reformation

• England had fiercely independent rulers.
• Work of John Wycliffe (1324-1384) Lollards
  (14-15th centuries).
• Sola Scriptura, rejected relics/saints, favored
  clerical marriage, denied transubstantiation,
  vernacular translations, emphasized faith
• Twelve Conclusions drawn up by the Lollards in
  1395.
• Resentment against papal interference
• Strong humanist tradition (John Colet)
• Writings of Erasmus Luther
• Though Henry VIII condemned Luther and was given
  title Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X

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Political Situation

• Spain had a population of 8,000,000 France a
  population of 20,000,000, but England only
  4,000,000.
• After the loss of territory on the continent in
  the 100 years war, England sought to regain power
  and prestige.
• England is regarded as a secondary and rather
  backward nation.

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Henry VIII King of England1509-1547

• Henry proclaimed Defender of the Faith for his
  response to Luthers Babylonian Captivity
• Theologically Catholic, but politically
  Protestant.
• Persecuted Protestants throughout the 1520s.
  Executed Bible translators (e.g., William
  Tyndale).
• Henry wanted to restore Englands prestigeas it
  was a secondary power in Europe at the time.

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Henry VIII Wants a Divorce

• Married to Catherine of Aragon
• She was the wife of his deceased brother
  (received papal dispensation to marry her)
• She only had one surviving child, Mary.
• She was the Aunt of Emperor Charles V.

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Anne Boleyn

• She wanted to marry and Henry wanted a male
  heirso, Henry needs a divorce.
• Anne Boleyn bore him his daughter Elizabeth
• Anne was ultimately executed on suspicion of
  unfaithfulness in 1536

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Henry Had Problems

• Cardinal Wolsey, Chancellor of England, refused
  to grant divorce
• He was hoping for consideration for papacy
• Also formed alliance with emperor Charles V who
  was the nephew of Catherine

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Henry Had Problems

• Pope Clement VII was unwilling to grant the
  divorce
• Henry had received papal dispensation to marry
  sister-in-law
• Clement under house arrest in Castle San Angelo
  in Rome by emperors forces

Pope Clement VII
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Henry Reacts

• Dismisses Wolsey who died in disgrace in 1530 on
  his way to prison
• Confiscated his palace of Hampton Court

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Henry Reacts

• Appointed Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury
• Consulted Parliament
• Gained their appointment as head of English
  Church, called the Reformation Parliament of 1529
• 1532, the act of Submission of the Clergy to the
  King.

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Thomas Cranmer, 1489-1556

• Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII
• Originally Lutheran, through his contact with
  Zurich, Strasbourg and Geneva he became
  increasingly Reformed
• Architect of Protestant church in England

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England Evicts the Pope

• Pope excommunicated King Henry
• Henry appointed his own bishops
• Act of Supremacy 1534 forced all government
  officials to accept
• Thomas More, Chancellor after Wolsey, would not
  accept
• Executed

Sir Thomas More
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Henry Reorganized Church

• Destroyed all the monasteries
• Liturgy Cranmers Book of Common Prayer
• Creed Cranmers Ten Articles (1536)
• Henry found it too Protestant
• Replaced it with Catholic Six Articles (1539)
• Act of Succession names Annes children as his
  heirs (no son)

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Ten Articles (1536)

• The binding authority of the Bible, the three
  œcumenical creeds, and the first four œcumenical
  councils
• The necessity of baptism for salvation, even in
  the case of infants
• The sacrament of penance, with confession and
  absolution, which are declared 'expedient and
  necessary'
• The substantial, real, corporal presence of
  Christ's body and blood under the form of bread
  and wine in the eucharist
• Justification by faith, joined with charity and
  obedience
• The use of images in churches
• The honoring of saints and the Virgin Mary
• The invocation of saints
• The observance of various rites and ceremonies as
  good, such as clerical vestments, sprinkling of
  holy water, bearing of candles on Candlemas-day,
  giving of ashes on Ash-Wednesday
• The doctrine of purgatory, and prayers for the
  dead in purgatory

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Six Articles (1539)

• transubstantiation
• the reasonableness of withholding of the cup from
  the laity during communion,
• clerical celibacy,
• observance of vows of chastity,
• permission for private masses,
• the importance of oral confession.

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Thomas Cromwell named Vicar General to supervise
the affairs of the Church (Even over the
Archbishop of Canterbury)
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Dissolution of the Monasteries
Great monuments such as Bury St. Edmunds and St.
Albans were totally destroyed
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Henrys Third Wife

• Henry noticed Jane as he was becoming
  disenchanted with Anne Boleyn
• Jane Seymour bore him a son, Edward
• Henry deeply loved Jane
• She died shortly after giving birth (1536)

Queen Jane Seymour
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The Wives of Henry VIII

• Anne of Cleves, whom Henry divorced because she
  was so ugly
• He called her The Flemish Mare
• But he did provide well for her
• (1515-1557)

Queen Anne of Cleves
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The Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine Howard, whom Henry executed for
  unfaithfulness
• Henry loved her
• He did not want to believe she was unfaithful
• Had no choice when he was convinced

Queen Catherine Howard
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The Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine Parr, who outlived Henry
• She cared for him in his old age

Queen Catherine Parr
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Was Henry a Protestant?

• Theologically he remained Catholic
• Ruled under Six Articles
• Condemned and executed William Tyndale for
  publishing English Bible
• Burned Thomas Bilney at stake for advocating
  Luthers teachings
• Yet Cranmer, Cromwell remained in power and set
  up English Bibles in churches

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King Edward VI, 1547-1553

• Sickly, yet intelligent
• A committed Protestant
• Cranmer free to create a true Reformed Church
• Issued The Forty-Two Articles
• Worship became much more Protestant

King Edward VI
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Edwards Advisors

• Duke of Somerset
• Duke of Northumberland

Protector Somerset, 1547-1549 John
Dudley, First Duke of Edwards uncle, Edward
Seymour, Northumberland, first Earl of Born
about 1500, executed 1552 Warwick,
1502-1553
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Bucer and the English Reformation

• Martin Bucer came to England 1549 at Cranmers
  invitation
• Influenced Cranmer theologically
• Helped write Book of Common Prayer
• (1551 edition)

Martin Bucer 1491-1551
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Bucer and the English Reformation

• Wrote De Regno Christi
• To advise King Edward
• How to create a true Christian community
• Lectured at Cambridge
• Worked with other Protestant leaders

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Queen Mary I, 1547-1553

• Saw her task as restoring papacy in England
• Arrested executed Lady Jane Grey Lord Dudley
• Married to Philip II, King of Spain, the son of
  Emperor Charles V.
• No children

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The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul
Delaroche
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Marian Persecution

• Mary executed 300 Protestant leaders (Bloody
  Mary)
• Including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and
  Nicholas Ridley
• Brought Cardinal Reginald Pole in as Papal Legate
• Died a broken woman in 1558
• England did not want pope back.

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Execution of Thomas Cranmer
Cranmer signed a recantation under
torture Recanted his recantation Thrust first in
the hand that betrayed the Lord
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Martyrdom of Latimer Ridley
Latimer Be of good comfort, Master Ridley, we
shall this day light such a candle by Gods grace
in England as, I trust, shall never be put out!
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Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603

• Found the via media (or middle way)
• Protestant creed The Thirty-Nine Articles
• High liturgical worship
• Followed Hookers Ecclesiastical Polity
• Archbishop, Bishops, priests, deacons

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Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603

• 1559 Act of Supremacy Supreme Governor in
  church realm
• 1563 Test Act required oath of allegiance to
  queen as head of church

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Elizabeths Religious Policy

• Fairly tolerant of divergent groups arising
• Puritans
• Quakers
• Baptists
• John Foxe published Book of Martyrs
• Account of Marian persecutions

John Foxe
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Puritanism under Elizabeth

• Anti-Vestment Party wicked to rebel against
  Queen, but opposed clerical vestments (1560s)
• Passive-Resistance Party disliked English
  popery (even wedding rings)wanted to abolish
  the episcopacy.
• Presbyterian Party wanted a presbyterian system
  in England and strengthen parliament.
  Established ties with Reformed churches in
  Switzerland, France and Netherlands.
• Separatists congregational regarded England as
  apostate and separated from them into new
  congregations. John Smyth was a separatist.

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39 Articles (1563)

• Not every deadly sin willingly committed after
  Baptism is sin against the Holy Ghost, and
  unpardonable. Wherefore the grant of repentance
  is not to be denied to such as fall into sin
  after Baptism. After we have received the Holy
  Ghost, we may depart from grace given, and fall
  into sin, and by the grace of God we may arise
  again, and amend our lives. And therefore they
  are to be condemned, which say, they can no more
  sin as long as they live here, or deny the place
  of forgiveness to such as truly repent.

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39 Articles (1563)

• The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of
  faithful men, in which the pure Word of God is
  preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered
  according to Christ's ordinance, in all those
  things that of necessity are requisite to the
  same.
• As the Church of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and
  Antioch, have erred, so also the Church of Rome
  hath erred, not only in their living and manner
  of Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.

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39 Articles (1563)

• The Church hath power to decree Rites or
  Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of
  Faith and yet it is not lawful for the Church to
  ordain any thing that is contrary to God's Word
  written, neither may it so expound one place of
  Scripture, that it be repugnant to another.
  Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a
  keeper of Holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to
  decree any thing against the same, so besides the
  same ought it not to enforce any thing to be
  believed for necessity of Salvation.

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39 Articles (1563)

• Sacraments ordained of Christ be not only badges
  or tokens of Christian men's profession, but
  rather they be certain sure witnesses, and
  effectual signs of grace, and God's good will
  towards us, by the which he doth work invisibly
  in us, and doth not only quicken, but also
  strengthen and confirm our Faith in him.

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39 Articles (1563)

• The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in
  the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual
  manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ
  is received and eaten in the Supper, is Faith.
• The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to the
  Lay-people for both the parts of the Lord's
  Sacrament, by Christ's ordinance and commandment,
  ought to be ministered to all Christian men
  alike.

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39 Articles (1563)

• It is not necessary that Traditions and
  Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly like
  for at all times they have been divers, and may
  be changed according to the diversity of
  countries, times, and men's manners, so that
  nothing be ordained against God's Word.
  Whosoever, through his private judgment,
  willingly and purposely, doth openly break the
  Traditions and Ceremonies of the Church, which be
  not repugnant to the Word of God, and be ordained
  and approved by common authority, ought to be
  rebuked openly, (that others may fear to do the
  like,) as he that offends against the common
  order of the Church, and hurts the authority of
  the Magistrate, and wounds the consciences of the
  weak brethren.
• Every particular or national Church hath
  authority to ordain, change, and abolish,
  Ceremonies or Rites of the Church ordained only
  by man's authority, so that all things be done to
  edifying.

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James I, 1603-1625

• Succeeded according to Henry VIIIs Act of
  Succession
• Brought up under Reformed Presbyterian in
  Scotland (James IV of Scotland)
• Puritans hoped for restructuring of English
  Church along Presbyterian lines
• James refused, but did command the translation of
  a new BibleThe King James Bible (1611).
• Published his Book of Sports
• Activities permissible on Sunday

King James I
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James I, 1603-1625

• Many Puritans left England
• Some to Holland under John Robinson
• Later to America as Pilgrims under William
  Bradford William Brewster
• Many Puritan pastors lost their pulpits
• Told on what topics to preach sermons

King James I
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The City on a Hill

• John Winthrop left with 1500 Puritans for
  Massachusetts in 1618.
• Set up model Christian community that could be
  used for Church in England
• Became Massachusetts colony

John Winthrop
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Catholic Reaction

• Catholics had not given up
• Wanted papacy restored by any means possible
• Several attempts to assassinate the king
• Gunpowder Plot of 1605 rumor Guy Fawkes was
  going to blow up Houses of Parliament
• Caused James to be more insistent on royal
  prerogatives

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Summary English Kings of Reformation

• Henry VIII, 1509-1547 (Broke with Papacy)
• Edward VI, 1547-1553 (Protestant Church)
• Mary I, 1553-1558 (Tried to bring Papacy back)
• Elizabeth I, 1558-1603 (Moderate Reform)
• James I, 1603-1625 (Puritans form)

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Presbyterianism

• Scottish Presbyterianism ministers belong to
  congregation but participate in a regional church
  council.
• American Presbyterianism elders are members of
  the congregation but ministers are members of the
  Presbytery.
• Dutch Reformed (Presbyterian) elders and
  ministers belong to the presbytery and there is
  only one per city.

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Via Media of Elizabethean Anglicanism

• Catholic Features
• Organization is episcopal (bishops)
• Liturgy is traditional and respect for tradition
• Maintain a high honor for saints, icons
• Use of the creeds and four ecumenical councils
• King rules both secular and sacred estates in the
  land only the monarch can call a general council
• The role of Free Willone can fall from grace
• Protestant Features
• Theology is Protestant (Justification Lords
  Supper)
• Rejection of Roman Primacy
• Communion in both kinds married priests
• Mass not a sacrifice
• Only two sacraments

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