Production of Meat Animals (95412)

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Production of Meat Animals(95412)

• Topic 7 Feeding growing and finishing beef
  cattle
• Dr Jihad Abdallah
• Department of Animal Production
• An-najah National University

Main source of material for this lecture
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• Animals that are being grown for beef are
  referred to as calves up until the age of about
  6-9 months, a process known as rearing.
  Thereafter they are known as stores (stokers)-
  animals that are suitable for finishing
• Rearing and finishing can be done under a number
  of differing feeding strategies. These can range
  from extensive grassland systems through to those
  based on a higher plane of nutrition where the
  stock consume more concentrate (eg barley) and
  less bulk feed (grass or silage).

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• High levels of grass quality and quantity must be
  maintained for as long as possible to take easy
  fleshed cattle through to finish.
• Bigger framed cattle struggle to achieve a good
  finish on pasture alone in summer and autumn.

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• Grower rations are mainly forage-based (silage,
  whole crop, straw and combinations of these).
• These can be supplemented at least once a day
  with dry or moist feeds to add energy, protein,
  minerals and vitamins.
• Rations can be formulated with a wide range of
  home-grown and bought-in feeds. The most likely
  scenario for a winter ration would be grass
  silage plus a blend.

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• It is important that silage is palatable and
  consistent quality, it also helps if it contains
  reasonable levels of protein.
• Generally, only whole crop legume silages can be
  fed without protein supplementation.
• The formulation and quantity of supplement
  depends on silage analysis and intake. Adding
  straw slows down the rate of passage of silage
  and promotes cud chewing.

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Bulls changing directly fromrearing to
finishing

• Bulls around 200kg live weight can move from the
  rearing ration straight to the finishing ration.
• However, they can be on the finishing ration for
  10 months and can become hard to finish. It is
  best to introduce a slightly higher energy and
  more palatable 2nd stage finisher ration for
  the last 60 to 80 days to give them a boost.
• Suckler bred or beef cross bulls from the dairy
  herd weighing over 200kg live weight will respond
  best to finishing rations formulated with protein
  levels of approximately 15 crude protein (CP).

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Fat color

• Some markets require carcasses with white fat
  (mainly bulls for export).
• Fat color comes from fat soluble pigments in
  plants. These range from very strong pigments in
  carrots, fairly strong pigments in Lucerne and
  normal pigments in grass.
• Some pigment color is lost in the silage making
  process so grass silage will not color fat as
  much as grazed grass. Also pigments accumulate in
  fat over time so with older animals it is harder
  to achieve white fat.

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Optimizing nutrient balance

• The most important macro nutrients to consider
  for beef cattle nutrition are energy (mainly from
  carbohydrates) and protein.
• These nutrients can be present in feeds in
  different forms that make them available to the
  animal at different rates.
• A balanced release of soluble carbohydrate and
  rumen degradable protein is required to fuel
  fermentation in the rumen and optimize cattle
  performance.

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• Very indigestible forms of fiber such as low
  D-value hay, silage or cereal straw need to have
  some rapidly fermentable carbohydrate and rapidly
  available nitrogen fed along side them to kick
  start the rumen fermentation.
• Too much rapidly fermentable material and the
  rumen empties too quickly for the fiber to break
  down and large quantities of undigested fiber
  will come through in the faeces.

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11 MJ ME/kg DM, 15 CP in DM
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11 MJ ME/kg DM, 15 CP in DM
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