ROME

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ROME

• Part 2

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Key Roman Leaders and Brief History

• Augustus
• New political system Emperor selects successor.
• Emperors, overtime, took power away from Senate.
• Tiberius
• Germanicus Caligula
• Claudius
• Nero
• Vespasian
• PAX ROMANA
• (Peace and Prosperity)
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Marcus Aurelius
• OTHERS
• Caracalla
• Constantine
• Two Slides coming up

30 or 33 AD - Jesus crucified.-The teachings of
Jesus outrage religious leaders, but also
threatens to disrupt the fragile political
stability imposed by Rome. -Jesus is arrested in
Jerusalem by the Jewish authorities on a charge
of treason and political subversion, and is
handed over to the Roman Governor, Pontius
Pilate. -Although Pilate is willing to release
him, fears of a riot and political repercussions
compels him to send Jesus to his death.
80 AD - Colosseum completed.The Colosseum,
started by Vespasian in 72 AD, is completed by
Titus. It holds more than 50,000 spectators. The
games held at its inauguration last for 100 days
and nights, during which time some 5,000 animals
are slaughtered.
TRAJAN 98-11798 AD - Nerva's death and
succession.Roman generals co-operate for the
first time to choose the next emperor. They force
Nerva to adopt an acceptable heir from outside
his own family. The result is resoundingly
successful, as a Spanish-born Senator and general
named Trajan becomes emperor.
HADRIAN 117-138117 AD Hadrians Reign.While
most Roman Emperors spent time and effort
building and expanding the Roman Empire, Hadrian
spent time attempting to preserve it. To prevent
barbarian invasions, Hadrian ordered the
construction of a , but the wall itself may have
served more of a propaganda purpose than actual
defense.
MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 ADFamous emperor from
the movie Gladiator. Based on a true character,
his death ends the Pax Romana Period. The Pax
Romana period marks a time of peace and
prosperity. Based on the movie, his son,
Commodus, does emerge as the next emperor of Rome.
CARACALLA 211 - 217 ADCaracalla will kill his
very own brother Geta, to assume the sole role of
emperor. Caracalla engineered one of the last
great architectural feats The Baths of
Caracalla. Caracalla will eventually be
assassinated by one of his own officers in the
imperial guard while urinating at a roadside. It
is said that the guards brother was executed a
few days earlier by Caracallas orders.
DIOCLETIAN 284 - 305 ADDiocletian will pass
many reforms that enable the Roman Empire to
remain intact for the next one hundred years.
Some of these reforms included economics,
governement, and military, but the most important
would be the splitting up of leadership within
the empire into East and West sections. This in
turn created the beginnings of what we have come
to know as the Eastern and Western Roman Empire.
17 AD - Germanicus secures Rhine
frontier.-After a hard three-year campaign, the
General Germanicus secures the Rhine frontier.
-He is recalled to Rome by Tiberius and given a
magnificent triumph to mark his military
achievement.
TIBERIUS ERA (14-37)14 AD - The death of
Augustus and succession.-Augustus dies and
Tiberius is named emperor. -Tiberius brings with
him a stern, defiant sense of duty. -His motto
is "Let them hate me, provided they approve of
what I do."
19 AD -Germanicus dies.-Germanicus dies,
possibly murdered. Despite the lack of evidence,
his widow, -Agrippina the Elder, is convinced
that Tiberius poisoned him and wages a relentless
vendetta against the emperor. -History suggests
possible motives for Tiberius, including jealousy
and fear.
CALIGULA ERA (37-41) 37 AD - Tiberius' death
and succession-Gaius Caesar is named emperor.
-He is known as Caligula, or 'little boots' - a
nickname given to him as a boy by the soldiers of
his father, Germanicus, because of the small army
boots he once wore.
41 AD - Caligula's murder and succession.Caligula
's cruel tyranny provokes huge opposition and
many plots. Although he tries to crush them, new
plots replace those he has discovered. After his
murder, his uncle, Claudius, is discovered in the
palace hiding behind a curtain. Soldiers carry
him off to their camp where they persuade him to
become the new emperor.
46-57 AD - Paul spreads the Christian
message.Saul of Tarsus is one of the fiercest
persecutors of Christians until, one day, he has
an extraordinary conversion while on the road to
Damascus. Using his Latin name, Paul, he becomes
the champion of the faith, traveling the length
and breadth of the empire carrying the Christian
message to the Roman world.
48 AD - Murder of Messalina.Messalina, wife of
Claudius, is accused of conspiring against her
husband and executed.
49 AD - Claudius remarries.Claudius marries
Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero, on New
Year's Day. She persuades Claudius to adopt her
son
NERO ERA (54-68)54 AD - Claudius dies. Nero
named emperor.Agrippina is happy to use murder
as a way to win her battles. Many historical
sources accuse her of killing Claudius with a
plate of poisoned mushrooms, thereby enabling
Nero to take the throne as emperor.
59 AD - Nero orders murder of his mother,
Agrippina the Younger.Nero is concerned that
Agrippina has too much power. After several
failed attempts on her life, he sends men to
charge her with treason and execute her. Legend
says that when the emperor's soldiers came to
kill her, Agrippina pulled back her clothes and
ordered them to stab her in the belly that had
housed such a monstrous son.
64 AD - The Great Fire of Rome.The Great Fire of
Rome begins on July 18 and lasts for six days and
seven nights. Of Rome's 14 districts only four
remain untouched. Rumors circulate that Nero had
been singing and dancing while Rome burned. In
order to divert attention away from himself, Nero
blames the Christians. He orders some to be
thrown to the lions many others are crucified.
65 AD - Plots against Nero.Nero discovers power
conspiracies against him. Increasingly alone and
paranoid, Nero kicks his wife to death while she
is pregnant and ill. Reportedly, this is for
complaining that he came home late from the
races.
68 AD - Nero's death and succession.Support for
Nero is dwindling and he is declared a public
enemy by the Senate, meaning anyone can kill him
without being punished. Terrified, and abandoned
by everyone, except a few of his slaves, Nero
flees to the country. There he commits suicide,
ending the dynasty of Augustus.
http//www.pbs.org/empires/romans/special/timeline
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Constantine 306-337 A.D.
Milvian Bridge The Milvian Bridge (Ponte Milvio
in Italian) is the oldest functioning bridge in
Rome and serves today as a pedestrian crossing
only (no cars).

• Background
• Christianity
• Persecution of Christians
• Roman Mythology
• Pontius Pilate Jesus

• Constantine vs. Maxentius
• Maxentius (co-emperor, brother-in-law)
• Crucial Battle of the Milvian Bridge
• Constantine out-numbered
• Sees a vision of Christ/God
• In this sign you shall be the victors
• Orders the symbol of Christ upon army shields
• Constantine wins ? Converts to Christianity

Chi-Rho 1st two letters in the Greek Spelling of
Christ
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Arch of Constantine

• Be familiar with the reforms of these leaders
  toward the end of the chapter.

312 A.D.
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Results of Constantines Conversion

• Christians safe from Persecution
• Exposure of all his subjects in Roman Empire
• Sunday, Official Roman holiday for church
  attendance.
• Church/state should be as close as possible
• Byzantium becomes New Rome and then
  Constantinople
• Then Istanbul (Present day city in Turkey)

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The Church of the Holy Sepulchre The site is
where the New Testament says that Jesus was
crucified, and is said to also contain the place
where Jesus was buried (the sepulchre). The
church has been an important pilgrimage
destination since at least the 4th century, as
the purported site of the death and resurrection
of Jesus.
The Nicene Creed I believe in one God, the Father
Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all
things visible and invisible. And in one Lord
Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God,
begotten of the Father before all worlds God of
God, Light of Light, very God of very God
begotten, not made, being of one substance with
the Father, by whom all things were made. Who,
for us men and for our salvation, came down from
heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of
the virgin Mary, and was made man and was
crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate He
suffered and was buried and the third day He
rose again, according to the Scriptures and
ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand
of the Father and He shall come again, with
glory, to judge the quick and the dead whose
kingdom shall have no end. And I believe in the
Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life who
proceeds from the Father and the Son who with
the Father and the Son together is worshipped and
glorified who spoke by the prophets. And I
believe in one holy catholic and apostolic
Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the
remission of sins and I look for the
resurrection of the dead, and the life of the
world to come. Amen.
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Christianity
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The Fall of the Western Empire

• Numerous Theories
• Christianitys emphasis on a spiritual kingdom
  weakened Roman military values
• Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians
  gained prominence in the empire
• Lead poisoning through laden water pipes and cups
  caused a mental decline
• The plague wiped out the population
• Rome failed to advance technologically because of
  slavery
• Rome was unable to put together a workable
  political system

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When did it end and how?

• The Huns put pressure on a group called
  Visigoths. Visigoths had no where to go but to
  the west.
• Time and Time again, the Romans negotiate peace
  with the Visigoths but never act up to their end
  of the bargain.
• Alaric is passed over in the Roman legion.
• Alaric sets up a blockade of Rome
• Eventually, the Visigoths sack Rome in 410A.D.
• Although the Visigoths sack Rome, first time ever
  in the imperial age, the Visigoths dont stay
  long. Why?
• The Goths get credit for ending Rome, but it is
  the Huns who apply the pressure.
• THE GOTHS VIDEO

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THE SCOURGE OF GOD

• Attila The Hun (Click here for more info)

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