Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

1
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

• Chapter 16

2
Core Case Study Icelands Vision of a
Renewable-Energy Economy (1)

• Supplies 75 of its primary energy and almost all
  of its electrical energy using
• Geothermal energy
• Hydroelectric power
• No fossil fuel deposits imports oil
• Bragi Arnason Dr. Hydrogen
• Energy vision

3
Core Case Study Icelands Vision of a
Renewable-Energy Economy (2)

• 2003 Worlds first commercial hydrogen filling
  station
• 20032007 three prototype fuel-cell buses
• 2008 10 Toyota Prius test vehicles
• Hydrogen-fueled
• Whale-watching boat partially powered by a
  hydrogen fuel cell

4
The Krafla Geothermal Power Station in Northern
Iceland
5
16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy
Resource?

• Concept 16-1 We could save as much as 43 of all
  the energy we use by improving energy efficiency.
  

6
We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (1)

• Energy conservation
• Energy efficiency
• Advantages of reducing energy waste
• Quick and clean
• Usually the cheapest to provide more energy
• Reduce pollution and degradation
• Slow global warming
• Increase economic and national security

7
We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (2)

• Four widely used devices that waste energy
• Incandescent light bulb
• Motor vehicle with an internal combustion engine
• Nuclear power plant
• Coal-fired power plant
• Possible alternatives for the outdated four

8
Flow of Commercial Energy through the U.S.
Economy
9
Energy Inputs
System
Outputs
9
7
41
85
U.S. economy
43
8
4
3
Nonrenewable fossil fuels
Useful energy
Nonrenewable nuclear
Petrochemicals
Hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar
Unavoidable energy waste
Biomass
Unnecessary energy waste
Fig. 16-2, p. 401
10
Advantages of Reducing Unnecessary Energy Waste
11
SOLUTIONS
Reducing Energy Waste
Prolongs fossil fuel supplies
Reduces oil imports and improves energy security
Very high net energy yield
Low cost
Reduces pollution and environmental degradation
Buys time to phase in renewable energy
Creates local jobs
Fig. 16-3, p. 401
12
Net Energy EfficiencyHonest Energy Accounting

• Net energy efficiency
• the only energy that counts

13
Comparison of the Net Energy Efficiency for Two
Types of Space Heating
14
Electricity from Nuclear Power Plant
Uranium processing and transportation (57)
Uranium mining (95)
Power plant (31)
Transmission of electricity (85)
Resistance heating (100)
Uranium 100
14
14
17
95
54
Waste heat
Waste heat
Waste heat
Waste heat
Passive Solar
Window transmission (90)
Sunlight 100
90
Waste heat
Fig. 16-4, p. 402
15
Stepped Art
Fig. 16-4, p. 402
16
16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste?

• Concept 16-2 We have a variety of technologies
  for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of
  industrial operations, motor vehicles, and
  buildings.

17
We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry (1)

• Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP)
• Replace energy-wasting electric motors
• Recycling materials
• Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting
  to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting

18
We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry (2)

• Electrical grid system outdated and wasteful
• Utility companies promote use of energy
• Dow Chemical Company improvements in efficiency

19
We Can Save Energy and Money in Transportation

• Corporate average fuel standards (CAFE) standards
• Fuel economy standards lower in the U.S. than
  many other countries
• Fuel-efficient cars are on the market
• Hidden prices in the gasoline
• Should there be tax breaks for buying
  fuel-efficient cars, or feebate?

20
Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold in the
U.S. and Other Countries
21
Fig. 16-5a, p. 404
22
25
Average fuel economy (miles per gallon)
Cars
Cars, trucks, and SUVs
20
Trucks and SUVs
15
10
1985
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Fig. 16-5a, p. 404
23
Fig. 16-5b, p. 404
24
50
45
Europe
40
Japan
China
Miles per gallon (mpg) (converted to U.S. test
equivalents)
35
Canada
30
25
United States
20
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Fig. 16-5b, p. 404
25
Stepped Art
Fig. 16-5, p. 404
26
More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way

• Superefficient and ultralight cars
• Gasoline-electric hybrid car
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
• Energy-efficient diesel car
• Electric vehicle with a fuel cell

27
Solutions A Hybrid-Gasoline-Electric Engine Car
and a Plug-in Hybrid Car
28
Conventional hybrid
Fuel tank
Battery
Internal combustion engine
Transmission
Electric motor
Fig. 16-6a, p. 405
29
Plug-in hybrid
Fuel tank
Battery
Internal combustion engine
Transmission
Electric motor
Fig. 16-6b, p. 405
30
Stepped Art
Fig. 16-6, p. 405
31
Science Focus The Search for Better Batteries

• Current obstacles
• Storage capacity
• Overheating
• Flammability
• In the future
• Lithium-ion battery
• Ultracapacitor
• Viral battery
• Using nanotechnology

32
We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and
Money (1)

• Green architecture
• Living or green roofs
• Straw bale houses
• U.S. Green Building Councils Leadership in
  Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

33
We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and
Money (2)

• Two buildings that were designed with energy in
  mind
• Georgia Power Company in Atlanta, GA (U.S.)
• Ministry of Science and Technology Building in
  Beijing, China

34
A Green or Living Roof in Chicago, IL (U.S.)
35
We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing
Buildings (1)

• Insulate and plug leaks
• Use energy-efficient windows
• Stop other heating and cooling losses
• Heat houses more efficiently

36
We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing
Buildings (2)

• Heat water more efficiently
• Use energy-efficient appliances
• Use energy-efficient lighting

37
A Thermogram Showing Heat Loss Around Houses and
Stores
38
Individuals Matter Ways in Which You Can Save
Money Where You Live
39
Attic Hang reflective foil near roof to reflect
heat. Use house fan. Be sure attic insulation
is at least 30 centimeters (12 inches).
Outside Plant deciduous trees to block summer
sun and let in winter sunlight.
Bathroom Install water-saving toilets,
faucets, and shower heads. Repair water leaks
promptly.
Other rooms Use compact fluorescent lightbulbs
or LEDs and avoid using incandescent
bulbs wherever possible. Turn off lights,
computers, TV, and other electronic devices when
they are not in use. Use high efficiency
windows use insulating window covers and close
them at night and on sunny, hot days. Set
thermostat as low as you can in winter and as
high as you can in summer. Weather-strip and
caulk doors, windows, light fixtures, and wall
sockets. Keep heating and cooling vents free of
obstructions. Keep fireplace damper closed when
not in use. Use fans instead of, or along with,
air conditioning.
Kitchen Use microwave rather than stove or
oven as much as possible. Run only full loads
in dishwasher and use low- or no-heat drying.
Clean refrigerator coils regularly.
Basement or utility room Use front-loading
clothes washer. If possible run only full loads
with warm or cold water. Hang clothes on racks
for drying. Run only full loads in clothes
dryer and use lower heat setting. Set water
heater at 140 if dishwasher is used and 120 or
lower if no dishwasher is used. Use water
heater thermal blanket. Insulate exposed hot
water pipes. Regularly clean or replace furnace
filters.
Fig. 16-9, p. 409
40
Why Are We Still Wasting So Much Energy?

• Energy remains artificially cheap
• Few large and long-lasting government incentives
• What about the rebound effect?

41
We Can Use Renewable Energy in Place of
Nonrenewable Energy Sources

• Renewable energy
• Solar energy direct or indirect
• Geothermal energy
• Benefits of shifting toward a variety of locally
  available renewable energy resources
• Forms of renewable energy would be cheaper if we
  eliminate
• Inequitable subsidies
• Inaccurate prices

42
16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of
Solar Energy?

• Concept 16-3 Passive and active solar heating
  systems can heat water and buildings effectively,
  and the costs of using direct sunlight to produce
  high-temperature heat and electricity are coming
  down.

43
We Can Heat Buildings and Water with Solar Energy

• Passive solar heating system
• Active solar heating system
• Countries using solar energy to heat water

44
Solutions Passive and Active Solar Heating for a
Home
45
Fig. 16-10a, p. 411
46
Vent allows hot air to escape in summer
Heavy insulation
Summer sun
Winter sun
Superwindow
Superwindow
Stone floor and wall for heat storage
PASSIVE
Fig. 16-10a, p. 411
47
Fig. 16-10b, p. 411
48
Solar collector
Heat to house (radiators or forced air duct)
Pump
Heavy insulation
Super- window
Hot water tank
Heat exchanger
ACTIVE
Fig. 16-10b, p. 411
49
Trade-Offs Passive or Active Solar Heating
50
TRADE-OFFS
Passive or Active Solar Heating
Advantages
Disadvantages
Need access to sun 60 of time
Energy is free
Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive)
Sun can be blocked by trees and other structures
Environmental costs not included in market price
Quick installation
No CO2 emissions Very low air and water pollution
Need heat storage system
Very low land disturbance (built into roof or
windows)
High cost (active)
Active system needs maintenance and repair
Moderate cost (passive)
Active collectors unattractive
Fig. 16-11, p. 412
51
Rooftop Solar Hot Water on Apartment Buildings in
Kunming, China
52
Case Study The Rocky Mountain InstituteSolar
Powered Office and Home

• Location Snowmass, CO (U.S.)
• No conventional heating system
• Heating bills lt50/year
• How is this possible?

53
Sustainable Energy Rocky Mountain Institute in
Colorado, U.S.
54
We Can Cool Buildings Naturally

• Technologies available
• Superinsulation and high-efficiency windows
• Overhangs or awnings on windows
• Light-colored roof
• Reflective insulating foil in an attic
• Geothermal pumps
• Plastic earth tubes underground

55
We Can Use Sunlight to Produce High-Temperature
Heat and Electricity

• Solar thermal systems
• Central receiver system
• Other collecting systems
• Unfeasible for widespread use
• High cost
• Low new energy yields
• Limited suitable sites
• Sunny, desert sites

56
Trade-Offs Solar Energy for High-Temperature
Heat and Electricity
57
Commercial Solar Power Tower Plant Near Seville
in Southern Spain
58
Solutions Woman in India Uses a Solar Cooker
59
We Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity (1)

• Photovoltaic (PV) cells (solar cells)
• Convert solar energy to electric energy
• Design of solar cells
• Benefits of using solar cells
• Solar-cell power plants
• Near Tucson, AZ (U.S.)
• 2007 Portugal

60
We Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity (2)

• Solar-cell systems being built or planned in
• Leipzig, Germany
• South Korea
• South California (U.S.)
• China

61
We Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity (3)

• Key problem
• High cost of producing electricity
• Will the cost drop with
• Mass production
• New designs
• Nanotechnology

62
Solutions Solar Cells Can Provide Electricity
Using Solar-Cell Roof Shingles
63
Fig. 16-17a, p. 415
64
Single solar cell
Boron- enriched silicon
Junction
Roof options
Phosphorus- enriched silicon
Solar shingles
Panels of solar cells
Fig. 16-17a, p. 415
65
Solutions Solar Cells Used to Provide
Electricity for a Remote Village in Niger
66
Total Costs of Electricity from Different Sources
in 2004
67
The Solar Power Industry Is Expanding Rapidly

• Solar cells 0.2 of the worlds electricity
• 2040 could solar cells produce 16?
• Nanosolar California (U.S.)
• Germany huge investment in solar cell technology
• General Electric entered the solar cell market

68
Solar-Cell Power Plant in Arizona, U.S., Is the
Largest Solar-Cell Power Plant
69
Trade-Offs Solar Cells, Advantages and
Disadvantages
70
TRADE-OFFS
Solar Cells
Disadvantages
Advantages
Need access to sun
Fairly high net energy yield
Low efficiency
Work on cloudy days
Need electricity storage system or backup
Quick installation
Easily expanded or moved
Environmental costs not included in market price
No CO2 emissions
High costs (but should be competitive in 515
years)
Low environmental impact
Last 2040 years
High land use (solar-cell power plants) could
disrupt desert areas
Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or
windows)
Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
DC current must be converted to AC
Fig. 16-20, p. 417
71
16-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing
Electricity from the Water Cycle

• Concept 16-4 Water flowing over dams, tidal
  flows, and ocean waves can be used to generate
  electricity, but environmental concerns and
  limited availability of suitable sites may limit
  the use of these energy resources.

72
We Can Produce Electricity from Falling and
Flowing Water

• Hydropower
• Worlds leading renewable energy source used to
  produce electricity
• Hydroelectric power Iceland
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Micro-hydropower generators

73
Trade-Offs Large-Scale Hydropower, Advantages
and Disadvantages
74
TRADE-OFFS
Large-Scale Hydropower
Disadvantages
Advantages
High construction costs
Moderate to high net energy
High environmental impact from flooding land to
form a reservoir
High efficiency (80)
Large untapped potential
Environmental costs not included in market price
Low-cost electricity
Long life span
High CO2 emissions from rapid biomass decay in
shallow tropical reservoirs
No CO2 emissions during operation in temperate
areas
Danger of collapse
Uproots people
Can provide flood control below dam
Decreases fish harvest below dam
Provides irrigation water
Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to
land below dam
Reservoir useful for fishing and recreation
Fig. 16-21, p. 418
75
Tides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce
Electricity (1)

• Produce electricity from flowing water
• Ocean tides and waves
• So far, power systems are limited
• Norway
• New York City

76
Tides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce
Electricity (2)

• Disadvantages
• Few suitable sites
• High costs
• Equipment damaged by storms and corrosion

77
16-5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing
Electricity from Wind

• Concept 16-5 When environmental costs of energy
  resources are included in market prices, wind
  energy is the least expensive and least polluting
  way to produce electricity.

78
Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important
Step toward Sustainability (1)

• Wind indirect form of solar energy
• Captured by turbines
• Converted into electrical energy
• Second fastest-growing source of energy
• What is the global potential for wind energy?
• Wind farms on land and offshore

79
Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important
Step toward Sustainability (2)

• Saudi Arabia of wind power
• North Dakota
• South Dakota
• Kansas
• Texas
• How much electricity is possible with wind farms
  in those states?

80
Solutions Wind Turbine and Wind Farms on Land
and Offshore
81
Fig. 16-22a, p. 420
82
Gearbox
Electrical generator
Power cable
Wind turbine
Fig. 16-22a, p. 420
83
Fig. 16-22b, p. 420
84
Wind farm
Fig. 16-22b, p. 420
85
Fig. 16-22c, p. 420
86
Wind farm (offshore)
Fig. 16-22c, p. 420
87
Producing Electricity from Wind Energy Is a
Rapidly Growing Global Industry

• Countries with the highest total installed wind
  power capacity
• Germany
• United States
• Spain
• India
• Denmark
• Installation is increasing in several other
  countries

88
Wind Energy Is Booming but Still Faces Challenges

• Advantages of wind energy
• Drawbacks
• Windy areas may be sparsely populated
• Winds die down need back-up energy
• Storage of wind energy
• Kills migratory birds
• Not in my backyard

89
Trade-Offs Wind Power, Advantages and
Disadvantages
90
TRADE-OFFS
Wind Power
Advantages
Disadvantages
Moderate to high net energy yield
Steady winds needed
Backup systems needed when winds are low
High efficiency
Moderate capital cost
Plastic components produced from oil
Low electricity cost (and falling)
Environmental costs not included in market price
Very low environmental impact
High land use for wind farm
No CO2 emissions
Quick construction
Visual pollution
Easily expanded
Noise when located near populated areas
Can be located at sea
Land below turbines can be used to grow crops or
graze livestock
Can kill birds and interfere with flights of
migratory birds
Fig. 16-23, p. 421
91
16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass as
an Energy Source (1)

• Concept 16-6A Solid biomass is a renewable
  resource, but burning it faster than it is
  replenished produces a net gain in atmospheric
  greenhouse gases, and creating biomass
  plantations can degrade soil biodiversity.

92
16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass as
an Energy Source (2)

• Concept 16-6B Liquid biofuels derived from
  biomass can be used in place of gasoline and
  diesel fuels, but creating biofuel plantations
  could degrade soil and biodiversity and increase
  food prices and greenhouse gas emissions.

93
We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid Biomass

• Biofuels
• Production of solid mass fuel
• Plant fast-growing trees
• Biomass plantations
• Collect crop residues and animal manure
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

94
Trade-Offs Solid Biomass, Advantages and
Disadvantages
95
TRADE-OFFS
Solid Biomass
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large potential supply in some areas
Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably
Moderate to high environmental impact
Moderate costs
Environmental costs not included in market price
No net CO2 increase if harvested, burned, and
replanted sustainably
Increases CO2 emissions if harvested and burned
unsustainably
Plantation can be located on semiarid land not
needed for crops
Low photosynthetic efficiency
Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of
wildlife habitat
Plantation can help restore degraded lands
Plantations could compete with cropland
Can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban
wastes
Often burned in inefficient and polluting open
fires and stoves
Fig. 16-24, p. 422
96
We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid
Biofuels (1)

• Liquid biofuels
• Biodiesel
• Ethanol
• Biggest producers of biofuel
• Brazil
• The United States
• The European Union
• China

97
We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid
Biofuels (2)

• Major advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel
  produced from oil
• Biofuel crops can be grown almost anywhere
• No net increase in CO2 emissions if managed
  properly
• Available now

98
We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid
Biofuels (3)

• Studies warn of problems
• Decrease biodiversity
• Increase soil degrading, erosion, and nutrient
  leaching
• Push farmers off their land
• Raise food prices

99
Case Study Is Biodiesel the Answer?

• Biodiesel production from vegetable oil from
  various sources
• 95 produced by The European Union
• Jatropha shrub promising new source
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

100
Trade-Offs Biodiesel, Advantages and
Disadvantages
101
TRADE-OFFS
Biodiesel
Advantages
Disadvantages
Reduced CO emissions
Increased NOx emissions and more smog
Reduced CO2 emissions (78)
Higher cost than regular diesel
High net energy yield for oil palm crops
Environmental costs not included in market price
Low net energy yield for soybean crops
Moderate net energy yield for rapeseed crops
May compete with growing food on cropland and
raise food prices
Reduced hydrocarbon emissions
Loss and degradation of biodiversity from crop
plantations
Better gas mileage (40)
Can make engines hard to start in cold weather
Potentially renewable
Fig. 16-25, p. 424
102
Case Study Is Ethanol the Answer? (1)

• Ethanol converted to gasohol
• Brazil Saudi Arabia of sugarcane
• Saved 50 billion in oil import costs since the
  1970s
• United States ethanol from corn
• Reduce the need for oil imports?
• Slow global warming?
• Reduce air pollution?

103
Case Study Is Ethanol the Answer? (2)

• Cellulosic ethanol alternative to corn ethanol
• Sources
• Switchgrass
• Crop residues
• Municipal wastes
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

104
Natural Capital Rapidly Growing Switchgrass in
Kansas, U.S.
105
Trade-Offs Ethanol Fuel, Advantages and
Disadvantages
106
TRADE-OFFS
Ethanol Fuel
Advantages
Disadvantages
High octane
Lower driving range
Low net energy yield (corn)
Some reduction in CO2 emissions (sugarcane
bagasse)
Higher CO2 emissions (corn)
Much higher cost
Environmental costs not included in market price
High net energy yield (bagasse and switchgrass)
May compete with growing food and raise food
prices
Reduced CO emissions
Higher NOx emissions and more smog
Can be sold as E85 or pure ethanol
Corrosive
Potentially renewable
Can make engines hard to start in cold weather
Fig. 16-27, p. 426
107
ABC Video MTBE pollution
108
16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of
Geothermal Energy?

• Concept 16-7 Geothermal energy has great
  potential for supplying many areas with heat and
  electricity and generally has a low environmental
  impact, but locations where it can be exploited
  economically are limited.

109
Getting Energy from the Earths Internal Heat (1)

• Geothermal energy heat stored in
• Soil
• Underground rocks
• Fluids in the earths mantle
• Geothermal heat pump system
• Energy efficient and reliable
• Environmentally clean
• Cost effective to heat or cool a space

110
Getting Energy from the Earths Internal Heat (2)

• Hydrothermal reservoirs
• Iceland
• Geothermal energy two problems
• High cost of tapping large-scale hydrothermal
  reservoirs
• Dry- or wet-steam geothermal reservoirs could be
  depleted
• Hot, dry rock another potential source of
  geothermal energy?

111
Natural Capital A Geothermal Heat Pump System
Can Heat or Cool a House
112
Basement heat pump
Fig. 16-28, p. 427
113
Trade Offs Geothermal Energy, Advantages and
Disadvantages
114
TRADE-OFFS
Geothermal Energy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Very high efficiency
Scarcity of suitable sites
Can be depleted if used too rapidly
Moderate net energy at accessible sites
Environmental costs not included in market price
Lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels
CO2 emissions
Low cost at favorable sites
Moderate to high local air pollution
Low land use and disturbance
Noise and odor (H2S)

High cost except at the most concentrated and
accessible sources
Moderate environmental impact
Fig. 16-29, p. 428
115
16-8 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen
as an Energy Source

• Concept 16-8 Hydrogen fuel holds great promise
  for powering cars and generating electricity, but
  to be environmentally beneficial, it would have
  to be produced without the use of fossil fuels.

116
Hydrogen Is a Promising Fuel but There Are
Challenges (1)

• Hydrogen as a fuel
• Eliminate most of the air pollution problems
• Reduce threats of global warming
• Some challenges
• Chemically locked in water and organic compounds
• Fuel cells are the best way to use hydrogen
• CO2 levels dependent on method of hydrogen
  production

117
Hydrogen Is a Promising Fuel but There Are
Challenges (2)

• Production and storage of H2
• Hydrogen-powered vehicles prototypes available
• Can we produce hydrogen on demand?
• Larger fuel cells

118
A Fuel Cell Separates the Hydrogen Atoms
Electrons from Their Protons
119
Electrons
Anode
Hydrogen gas (H2) in
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
Cathode
Water (H2O) out
Protons
Air (O2) in
Fig. 16-30, p. 429
120
Trade-Offs Hydrogen, Advantages and
Disadvantages
121
TRADE-OFFS
Hydrogen
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fuel cell
Can be produced from plentiful water
Not found as H2 in nature
Energy is needed to produce fuel
Low environmental impact
Negative net energy
Renewable if produced from renewable energy
resources
CO2 emissions if produced from carbon-containing
compounds
No CO2 emissions if produced from water
Environmental costs not included in market price
Good substitute for oil
Nonrenewable if generated by fossil fuels or
nuclear power
Competitive price if environmental and social
costs are included in cost comparisons
High costs (that may eventually come down)
Will take 25 to 50 years to phase in
Easier to store than electricity
Short driving range for current fuel-cell cars
Safer than gasoline and natural gas
No fuel distribution system in place
Nontoxic
Excessive H2 leaks may deplete ozone in the
atmosphere
High efficiency (4565) in fuel cells
Fig. 16-31, p. 430
122
16-9 How Can We Make a Transition to a More
Sustainable Energy Future?

• Concept 16-9 We can make a transition to a more
  sustainable future if we greatly improve energy
  efficiency, use a mix of renewable energy
  resources, and include environmental costs in the
  market prices of all energy resources.

123
Choosing Energy Paths (1)

• How will energy policies be created?
• Supply-side, hard-path approach
• Demand-side, soft-path approach

124
Choosing Energy Paths (2)

• General conclusions about possible energy paths
• Gradual shift to smaller, decentralized
  micropower systems
• Transition to a diverse mix of locally available
  renewable energy resources Improved energy
  efficiency
• How?
• Fossil fuels will still be used in large amounts
• Why?

125
Solutions Decentralized Power System
126
Small solar-cell power plants
Bioenergy power plants
Wind farm
Fuel cells
Rooftop solar-cell arrays
Solar-cell rooftop systems
Transmission and distribution system
Commercial
Small wind turbine
Residential
Industrial
Microturbines
Fig. 16-32, p. 431
127
Solutions Making the Transition to a More
Sustainable Energy Future
128
SOLUTIONS
Making the Transition to a More Sustainable
Energy Future
More Renewable Energy
Improve Energy Efficiency
Greatly increase use of renewable energy
Increase fuel-efficiency standards for vehicles,
buildings, and appliances
Provide large subsidies and tax credits for use
of renewable energy
Include environmental costs in prices for all
energy resources
Mandate government purchases of efficient
vehicles and other devices
Encourage government purchase of renewable energy
devices
Greatly increase renewable energy research and
development
Provide large tax credits or feebates for buying
efficient cars, houses, and appliances
Reduce Pollution and Health Risk
Offer large tax credits for investments in energy
efficiency
Cut coal use 50 by 2020
Phase out coal subsidies
Reward utilities for reducing demand for
electricity
Levy taxes on coal and oil use
Phase out nuclear power subsidies, tax breaks,
and loan guarantees
Greatly increase energy efficiency research and
development
Fig. 16-33, p. 432
129
Economics, Politics, Education, and Sustainable
Energy Resources

• Government strategies
• Keep the prices of selected energy resources
  artificially low to encourage their use
• Keep energy prices artificially high for selected
  resources to discourage their use
• Consumer education

130
What Can you Do? Shifting to Sustainable Energy
Use
131
Case Study Californias Efforts to Improve
Energy Efficiency

• High electricity costs
• Reduce energy waste
• Use of energy-efficient devices
• Strict building standards for energy efficiency