KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

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KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the
foundation of life.
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• SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular
  structures and primary functions of the four
  major categories of biological macromolecules.
  (MODERATE)

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Elements of Life

• 96 of living organisms is made of
• carbon (C)
• oxygen (O)
• hydrogen (H)
• nitrogen (N)

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Molecules of Life

• Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to
  build living organisms
• What are bodies made of?
• carbohydrates
• sugars starches
• proteins
• fats (lipids)
• nucleic acids
• DNA, RNA

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Dont forget water

• Water
• 65 of your body is H2O
• water is inorganic
• doesnt contain carbon
• Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
• organic molecules
• carbohydrates
• proteins
• fats
• nucleic acids

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Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.

• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other
  atoms, including other carbon atoms.

• Carbon-based molecules have three general types
  of structures.

• straight chain
• branched chain
• ring

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• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many
  small subunits bonded together.

• Monomers are the individual subunits.
• Polymers are made of many monomers.

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Four main types of carbon-based molecules are
found in living things.

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen.

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Four main types of carbon-based molecules are
found in living things.

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen.

• Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.

• Monosaccharides are simple sugars.(monomer)
• Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and
  glycogen. (polymer)

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• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide
  energy for cells.

• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

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• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats,
  oils, and cholesterol.

• Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
• Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to
  glycerol.

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• Lipids have several different functions.

• broken down as a source of energy
• make up cell membranes

• used to make hormones

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• Fats and oils have different types of fatty
  acids.

• saturated fatty acids
• unsaturated fatty acids

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• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.

• Polar phosphate head
• Nonpolar fatty acid tails

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• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

• Twenty different amino acids are used to build
  proteins in organisms.

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• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

• Twenty different amino acids are used to build
  proteins in organisms.

• Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

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• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

• Twenty different amino acids are used to build
  proteins in organisms.

• Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

• Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

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• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino
  acids.

• Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.

• Incorrect amino acids change a proteins
  structure and function.

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Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen.
The structure of hemoglobin depends on hydrogen
bonds between specific amino acids. Just one
amino acid change causes red blood cells to have
the curved shape characteristic of sickle cell
anemia. (colored SEM magnification 3500 X)
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Functions of proteins

• Functionsmany, including enzymes, oxygen
  transport, and muscle movement

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• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
  nucleotides.

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• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
  nucleotides.

• Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group,
  and a nitrogen base.

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• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
  nucleotides.

• Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group,
  and a nitrogen base.

• DNA stores genetic information.

• RNA builds proteins.

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Reteach - Identifying Variables - SC. 912. N.1.1

• A scientist studied the effect of jogging on the
  number of Calories used. People jogged for three
  different lengths of time - 10 minutes, 20
  minutes, 30 minutes. The number of Calories used
  was measured, recorded, and plotted on a bar
  graph.
• What are the independent variables?
• What are the dependent variables?

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Review

• To reinforce the concept of polymers(many) made
  from repeating monomers(one). Complete the
  following chart

Monomer Polymer




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Check your answers

• To reinforce the concept of polymers(many) made
  from repeating monomers(one). Complete the
  following chart

Monomer- (subunits) Polymer (macro molecules)
Monosaccharide (simple sugars) polysaccharides starches- cellulose
Amino acids proteins
Nucleotides nucleic acids
Fatty acids lipids(triglycerides)
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Draw a mark at the midpoint of a sheet of paper
along the side edge.
Then fold the top and bottom edges in to touch
the midpoint.
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Fold in half from side to side.
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Open and cut along the inside fold lines to form
four tabs.
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Label each tab.
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• As you read Section 2.3, draw the structure and
  list the characteristics of carbohydrates,
  lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids under the
  appropriate tabs.