Title: adi.ben-david@mail.huji.ac.il
1"????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???
????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????"
(?'??-?'?? ????)
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
?"? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
????
adi.ben-david_at_mail.huji.ac.il
2(No Transcript)
3??? ??? ???????
??? ???-????????? ????? ????????? ?????.
??? ???-??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????
?????? ?? ????????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????
?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???, ??? ???? (??"?) ??????
???.
4- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???
- ???????? ???????
- 1. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??
????? - ?????.
- 2. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???
- ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????
- ????????? ???? ?????.
5???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???-??????? 2008)
(Zohar Ben-David,
6- ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???-???????
- ???? ??????? ????? (transfer).
- ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????,
- ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????
- ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????.
- ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
- ?????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????.
- ????? ??? ???-??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
- ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????.
7????? Transfer
????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????
????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??
???? ????-???. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????
??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???
??? ???????? ?????? .(Perkins Salomon, 1989)
8??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
- ?????? ???????, 1988.
- ????? ?????? ????? ????
9??? ??????? ????? ??????? Perkins Salomon,
1989))
- "??? ?????" Low road Transfer
- ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????
- ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
- ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? (triggering)
- ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????.
- ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????
- ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.
10??? ??????? ????? ??????? Perkins Salomon,
1989))
- "??? ?????" High road Transfer
- ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???
??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
?????? ??????? (abstractions and generalizations)
????? ????. - "????? ?????" (mindful abstraction) ????? ????
?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??????
??? ?????.
11- ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????,
?????? - ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? "????
?????" ?? - ???????.
- ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
- ???????. ??? ???? ?"? ?????? "????" ???? ??????
- ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
- ????? ???? ????? ????? (Brown Kane, 1988).
- ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???
???????? - ?????self-explanations) ) ????? ???? ???? ?????
- ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????
- Brown Kane, 1988 Chi et al., 1994 Chi,
1996)).
12- ??????? ???? (Brown,1978),
- ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
- ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????
- ?????? ???????, ??????? ??
- "???? ??????" ??????.
13???? ??? ??????? ???? ????-??????? ?????? ?????
???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????.
- ??? ????'? (Piaget, 1948/1974), ????? ????????
- ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????
- ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ?????
- ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????,
- ?????? ?????????.
- ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????
- ????????? ??? ??? ????.
14???? ??? ??????? ???? ????-??????? ?????? ?????
???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????.
- ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??
- ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????
- .(Siegler, 1989 1996 Kuhn et al., 1995)
- ????? ??? ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????
?????????? - ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????.
- ???????? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ??????
????? - ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????
????? - ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
????????? - ????? ???? ???????.
15- ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????,
- ??????? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????
- ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????.
- ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????
- ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????
- ?? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????-
- ??????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????-??????? ????
- ????? ????? (Kuhn et al.1995).
16???? ?????...
????? ?????? ?? ??? ???-???????, ?????? ??????
???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ??????????? ????? ????-??????????, ??????
???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?????
???????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ????? ?????
?????? ??????.
17????? ?????? ?? ??? ???-???????
- ?????? "????? ??????" ??? ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ?? ????? - ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??
??????? ?????? - ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
?????? ?????? - ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????. ????? ????
?????? ??? - ???? ???? ???-??????? ????? ?????, ?? ??????
????? ???????? - ??????? ???.
18?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????
??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ???-??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???
?????? ?????.
- (Cardelle-Elawar, 1995 Mevarech Kramarski,
1997 White Fredericksen, 1998 2000 Mevarech,
1999 Kramarski, Mevarech Arami, 2002 Teong,
2003 Mevarech Fridkin, 2006 Zohar
Ben-David, in press, Zohar Ben-David,
submitted).
19????? ?????? ???????
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
20????????? ????? ??????
21???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
22???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
23???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
24???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
????? ???? ??? ??????...
??????? ?????.
25????? ??????
- ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??
????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????????,
????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???
??????? ??????.
26- ????? ????? (????? ?????)
- "????? ?????"
- ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
- ???????? ????? ???? ???? 1 ???? ??? ???? ????,
???? ?? 10 - ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? 12 ????,
?????? ???? - ?? ??? ?????.
- ?? ???? ???? 2 ????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ???? ??
10 ???? - ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? 12 ????, ??????
???? ???? - ????.
27????? ????
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????
???? ???? 1 12 ???? ???? ???
???? ???? 2 12 ???? ????? ????
28- ???? ???? ????
- ????? ???? 1 ???? ????? ???? ????.
- ????? ???? 2 ???? ????? ???? ????.
???? ???? 1
???? ???? 2
???? ????? ???? ????? ????????
29 ?????
30???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
31???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
32???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
33???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
34????? ?????
35???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
36???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
37???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
38????? ???? ????
39- ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????
- ?? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????
- ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????,
- ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????,
- ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????,
- ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????
- ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??
- ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ????
- ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????
- ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.
40 2 ??? ??????
3 ?????
4 ??? ?? ??
41????? ?????
42???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
43???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
44???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
45????? ????? (????? ?????)
?? ???? ??????
????? ???
????Kings College London IDEAS Project (2004)
46???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????
47 ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????
???? ??? ???? ?????!
??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????
?????!
????Kings College London IDEAS Project (2004)
48??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????
???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????
49????? ????? (????? ?????)
- ????? ???
- ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
?????? - ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ????
???????? - ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??
????? - ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
?? - ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.
- ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
????. - ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????.
-
50Argument
????? ?????
????
?????
?????
???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????
????? ????
????? ?????
????? ???
????? ????? ?? ?????
51Argument
????? ?????
????
?????
?????
???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????
????? ??????? (???? ????? ????)
????? ????? (????? -?? ??????? ?????)
????? ????? (?????????, ??????)
52Argument
????? ?????
???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???????,
??????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
????? ??????.
?????
???? Evidence
???? Explanation
???? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????
??????
???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
53????? ?? ????????? ????? (??? ???-????????)
????? ?????????? ????? (??? ????????)
54"????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???
????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????"
(?'??-?'?? ????)
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
?"? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
????
adi.ben-david_at_mail.huji.ac.il