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Author: MERKAVA Last modified by: USER Created Date: 4/1/2003 3:32:38 PM Document presentation format: Company: ISRAEL GOVERNMENT – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: adi.ben-david@mail.huji.ac.il


1
"????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???
????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????"
(?'??-?'?? ????)
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
?"? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
????
adi.ben-david_at_mail.huji.ac.il
2
(No Transcript)
3
??? ??? ???????
??? ???-????????? ????? ????????? ?????.
??? ???-??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????
?????? ?? ????????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????
?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???, ??? ???? (??"?) ??????
???.
4
  • ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???
  • ???????? ???????
  • 1. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??
    ?????
  • ?????.
  • 2. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???
  • ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????
  • ????????? ???? ?????.

5
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???-??????? 2008)
(Zohar Ben-David,
6
  • ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???-???????
  • ???? ??????? ????? (transfer).
  • ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????,
  • ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????
  • ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????.
  • ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
  • ?????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????.
  • ????? ??? ???-??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
  • ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

7
????? Transfer
????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????
????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??
???? ????-???. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????
??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???
??? ???????? ?????? .(Perkins Salomon, 1989)
8
??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
  • ?????? ???????, 1988.
  • ????? ?????? ????? ????

9
??? ??????? ????? ??????? Perkins Salomon,
1989))
  • "??? ?????" Low road Transfer
  • ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????
  • ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
  • ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? (triggering)
  • ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????.
  • ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.

10
??? ??????? ????? ??????? Perkins Salomon,
1989))
  • "??? ?????" High road Transfer
  • ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???
    ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
    ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
    ?????? ??????? (abstractions and generalizations)
    ????? ????.
  • "????? ?????" (mindful abstraction) ????? ????
    ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
    ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
    ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??????
    ??? ?????.

11
  • ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????,
    ??????
  • ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? "????
    ?????" ??
  • ???????.
  • ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
  • ???????. ??? ???? ?"? ?????? "????" ???? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
  • ????? ???? ????? ????? (Brown Kane, 1988).
  • ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???
    ????????
  • ?????self-explanations) ) ????? ???? ???? ?????
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????
  • Brown Kane, 1988 Chi et al., 1994 Chi,
    1996)).

12
  • ??????? ???? (Brown,1978),
  • ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
  • ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????
  • ?????? ???????, ??????? ??
  • "???? ??????" ??????.

13
???? ??? ??????? ???? ????-??????? ?????? ?????
???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????.
  • ??? ????'? (Piaget, 1948/1974), ????? ????????
  • ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????
  • ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ?????
  • ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????,
  • ?????? ?????????.
  • ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????
  • ????????? ??? ??? ????.

14
???? ??? ??????? ???? ????-??????? ?????? ?????
???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????.
  • ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??
  • ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????
  • .(Siegler, 1989 1996 Kuhn et al., 1995)
  • ????? ??? ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????
    ??????????
  • ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????.
  • ???????? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ??????
    ?????
  • ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????
    ?????
  • ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
    ?????????
  • ????? ???? ???????.

15
  • ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????,
  • ??????? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????
  • ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????.
  • ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????
  • ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????
  • ?? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????-
  • ??????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????-??????? ????
  • ????? ????? (Kuhn et al.1995).

16
???? ?????...
????? ?????? ?? ??? ???-???????, ?????? ??????
???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ??????????? ????? ????-??????????, ??????
???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?????
???????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ????? ?????
?????? ??????.
17
????? ?????? ?? ??? ???-???????
  • ?????? "????? ??????" ??? ?????? ????? ?????
    ?????? ?? ?????
  • ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??
    ??????? ??????
  • ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
    ?????? ??????
  • ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????. ????? ????
    ?????? ???
  • ???? ???? ???-??????? ????? ?????, ?? ??????
    ????? ????????
  • ??????? ???.

18
?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????
??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ???-??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???
?????? ?????.
  • (Cardelle-Elawar, 1995 Mevarech Kramarski,
    1997 White Fredericksen, 1998 2000 Mevarech,
    1999 Kramarski, Mevarech Arami, 2002 Teong,
    2003 Mevarech Fridkin, 2006 Zohar
    Ben-David, in press, Zohar Ben-David,
    submitted).

19
????? ?????? ???????
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
20
????????? ????? ??????
21
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
22
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
23
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
24
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
????? ???? ??? ??????...
??????? ?????.
25
????? ??????
  • ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??
    ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????????,
    ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????
    ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???
    ??????? ??????.

26
  • ????? ????? (????? ?????)
  • "????? ?????"
  • ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
  • ???????? ????? ???? ???? 1 ???? ??? ???? ????,
    ???? ?? 10
  • ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? 12 ????,
    ?????? ????
  • ?? ??? ?????.
  • ?? ???? ???? 2 ????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ???? ??
    10 ????
  • ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? 12 ????, ??????
    ???? ????
  • ????.

27
????? ????
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????
???? ???? 1 12 ???? ???? ???
???? ???? 2 12 ???? ????? ????
28
  • ???? ???? ????
  • ????? ???? 1 ???? ????? ???? ????.
  • ????? ???? 2 ???? ????? ???? ????.

???? ???? 1
???? ???? 2
???? ????? ???? ????? ????????
29
?????
30
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
31
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
32
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
33
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
34
????? ?????
35
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
36
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
37
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
38
????? ???? ????
39
  • ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  • ?? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????
  • ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????,
  • ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????,
  • ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????,
  • ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????
  • ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??
  • ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ????
  • ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

40
  • 1
  • ??? ???

2 ??? ??????
3 ?????
4 ??? ?? ??
41
????? ?????
42
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
43
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
44
???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????. ?? ???????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??"?.
45
????? ????? (????? ?????)
?? ???? ??????
????? ???
????Kings College London IDEAS Project (2004)
46
???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????
47
????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????
???? ??? ???? ?????!
??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????
?????!
????Kings College London IDEAS Project (2004)
48
??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????
???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????
49
????? ????? (????? ?????)
  • ????? ???
  • ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
    ??????
  • ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ????
    ????????
  • ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??
    ?????
  • ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
    ??
  • ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.
  • ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
    ????.
  • ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????.

50
Argument
????? ?????


????
?????
?????
???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????
????? ????
????? ?????
????? ???
????? ????? ?? ?????
51
Argument
????? ?????


????
?????
?????
???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????
????? ??????? (???? ????? ????)
????? ????? (????? -?? ??????? ?????)
????? ????? (?????????, ??????)
52
Argument
????? ?????
???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???????,
??????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
????? ??????.
?????
???? Evidence
???? Explanation
???? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????
??????
???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
53
????? ?? ????????? ????? (??? ???-????????)
????? ?????????? ????? (??? ????????)
54
"????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???
????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????"
(?'??-?'?? ????)
??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
?"? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
????
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